IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - March/April 2023 - 122

Special Section on Security, Trust and Services for AI-Empowered Sensing in the Next-Generation IoT
capacity for machine type communication is
extremely limited, which cannot meet the
needs of mass equipment bursting or even
synchronous communication; if H2H users
seize the uplink communication resources,
due to massive connection the attempt to
enter will inevitably lead to serious congestion
on the side of the radio access network;
2) The uplink access technology of the traditional
cellular network has consistently
adhered to orthogonal multiple access and
scheduling-based access. In the face of bursty
MMTC services, there are often problems,
such as insufficient connection resources and
a large proportion of scheduling signaling
overhead. IoT equipment business needs for
energy-efficient burst communication.
Compared with orthogonal multiple access,
nonorthogonal multiple access NOMA allows
multiple users to be reused at the same time and
the same frequency band, which will effectively
improve the spectral efficiency. In view of the
abovementioned scientific problems, it is urgent
to study how to achieve uplink access of massively
diversified business data of the 5G Internet
of Things. For the 5G IoT uplink access
scenario with diversified and massive demand, it
is necessary to design a new and effective access
mode and research adaptive resource allocation
method. According to the abovementioned 5Goriented
IoT uplink communication system's service
characteristics, communication requirements,
and key problems, the research on uplink
access key technology solutions can focus on
new types of multiple access NOMA and scheduling-free
access control. The physical layer and
MAC layer technologies are developed. The
OMA trust model is based on public key infrastructure.
If Arsenic verifies the DRM proxy certificate
and the certificate are not revoked, the RI
trusts the DRM proxy.
Intelligent Car Engine Dynamic Process
Basic Concepts of Dynamic Process of
Automobile Engines
1) Steady-state conditions
When the speed, output torque, and internal
heat balance of a smart car engine do not change
substantially with time, its working state is
122
called a steady state. The sign of steady-state
conditions is that the parameters characterizing
the engine's operation do not change significantly
over time. When the thermal state of the
engine is constant, the heat transferred from the
engine to the cooling system per unit time and
the heat transfer per unit time through the radiator,
the surrounding medium heat balance; for
the supercharged engine, the turbine torque is
balanced with the resistance of the compressor.
2) Dynamic conditions
Gasoline engine operation typically adjusts
and controls operating conditions under normal
temperature conditions through crankshaft
speed n, throttle opening kd, and air-fuel ratio
AF, that is, when crankshaft speed n, throttle
opening kd, and air-fuel ratio atrial fibrillation.
These three quantities determine the operating
conditions of the gasoline engine. Taking time t
as an independent variable.
Steady-state conditions: dn=dt 0;dkd=dt
0 and dAF=dt 0:
Dynamic working conditions: dn=dt 6¼ 0or
dkd=dt 6¼ 0;dAF=dt 6¼ 0:
Therefore, under unsteady conditions, the six
quantities that determine the operating conditions
of the gasoline engine are n, kd, AF, dn/dt,
dkd/dt, and dAF/dt, respectively. If the number of
fuzzy divisions of each input component is predetermined,
the parameters to be learned are
the connection weight p1
ji(j ¼ 1,2,3...,1,2,3...,
i¼1,2,3...) and the central value cij and the width
sij of the membership function, respectively.
The error cost function is E ¼ 1
2
Pr
ji:
i¼1 ðti yiÞ2, ti
and yi represent the desired output and the
actual output, respectively. A learning algorithm
for the parameter p1
@E
¼
@Pl
pl
ji
@E
@y1
jiðk þ lÞ¼ pl
¼ pl
@y1
jiðkÞ b
@y1j @Pl ¼ðtl yiÞ@jxi (1)
@E
@y1j
ji
@pl
ji
jiðkÞþ bðtl ylÞajxi:
(2)
When the network system reaches a steady
state, the average number of frames arriving at
the network within the transmission time, that
is, the input load should be equal to the throughput.
Throughput is the maximum rate a device
can accept without frame loss. The relationship
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - March/April 2023

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