IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2023 - 91

FIGURE 4. MSC
4 abstract non-normative-view-SA for smart city A scenario 1. (a) PR: P's Smart home. BR:
Cosmos cross-chain of united lightning blockchains. (b) PR: Cellular/public subnetwork 1. BR: A cosmos
cross-chain of personal portable blockchains and cross-chains of offices and homes. (c) PR: Cellular/public
subnetwork 1. BR: A cosmos cross-chain of personal portable blockchains and different types of crosschains.
(d) PR: Smart office subnetwork. BR: A cosmos cross-chain of departments blockchains and
personals portable blockchains. (e) PR: Cafe cellular/public subnetwork 2. BR: Cosmos cross-chain of
customers mobile devices' atomic blockchains.
networking heterogeneous blockchains, which
are called parachains and parathreads.21 The
Polkadot Relay Chain connects and secures the
parachains and parathreads. In addition, it can
connect with external networks using bridges.
Tendermint consensus powers Cosmos.20 Tendermint
consensus relies on Tendermint core,
and it is a blockchain application platform, which
provides the infrastructure to connect adequate
web-server, database, and supporting libraries for
blockchain applications written in any programming
language. Cosmos ecosystem comprised
heterogeneous independent blockchains. A zone
is a name given to each blockchain. Zones can
communicate via their inter-blockchain communication
protocol, allowing heterogeneous chains
to exchange values (i.e., tokens) or data. Cosmos
achieves cross-communication by allowing users
to send and receive from different zones without
compromising the security via a hub. The hub
enables communicating without the need for connecting
zones. Tendermint core and Cosmos SDK
allow developers to build blockchains based on
May/June 2023
Tendermint consensus and gradually increasing
scalability. In addition to that, it can now connect
proof of work consensus work via ped-zones.
Furthermore, it is evolving an extended version
of Ethereum that can connect to the
Cosmos ecosystem such as Ethermint.22 Moreover,
Cosmos supports the network to be
scaled horizontally. Therefore, we selected
Cosmos as our cross-chain ecosystem and customized
it for our requirements.
Traditional blockchain has a significant delay
by default. Two blockchains focused on transaction
speed are RapidChain and Lightning.23,24 RapidChain
is an onchain layer-one solution and relies
on sharding, whereas Lightning is a non-onchain
layer-one solution. Moreover, according to scenario
1, cells do not have fixed patterns, and those
involve have diverse patterns in their IoRT networking.
Therefore, selecting a blockchain should
be facilitating that concern. Meanwhile, RapidChain
is sharding-based, and therefore networking
is rigid, whereas Lightning blockchain is flexible
for diverse patterns. Nevertheless, the selected
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2023

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