IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2023 - 93

which guarantees seamless multifactor (security,
privacy, scalability, and interoperability). We proposed
an abstract model for smart city A in the
" Abstract Model for Smart City " section. The
" Reasoning Abstract Model and Derives RA for
Smart City " section deduced RA for the smart city.
Next, the resultant RA supports to derive SA for
scenario 1. This flow implies that the modeling
objective for the smart cityA is achieved. The proposed
model supports generating adequate RA,
and resultant RA provides a foundation for developing
required SA's for diverse scenarios and provisioning
seamlessmultifactor for the smart cityA.
Privacy Awareness
Privacy means end-users' identities and their
devices involving various ownership and containment
frompersonal, home, public,and office to city
level.
W.r.t. the BR, the atomic device network, represents
a blockchain. Every IoT/IoRT (IoE) then
represents nodes/data blocks in a specific blockchain,
whereas end-users represent an atomic
blockchain node in a specific cross-chain. Asymmetric
encryption is used for intra-blockchain
communication and inter-blockchain communication
(mean cross-chain). Therefore, every
IoT/IoRT (IoE) and end-users do not compromise
privacy. Moreover, smart contracts, proof of
authority, and decentralized distributed ledger
further strengthen ownership, validity, and
authenticity of a given node in a blockchain and
cross-chain. Moreover, the system maintains the
same blockchain architecture in and out of every
subnetwork. As a result, the proposed solution
ensures that privacy is maintained at all times.
Security Awareness
Security is one of the preferred application
use cases of blockchain. Security of each level
(from personal, home, public, office,and city)is
guaranteed via multiple ways within and beyond
the given blockchain and cross-chain. Proof of
authority consensus controls authorizing nodes to
the blockchain network by admin/manager of the
presented smart home or smart office. The integrity
of blockchains is strengthened by the decentralized
ledger-based broker-less smart contract
feature. Generally, scalability versus vulnerability
is relatively proportional. However, in the
May/June 2023
blockchain domain, when blockchain networks
are scaled up, vulnerability risk is reduced. Only
the application blockchain interface can update
the blockchain state for the Cosmos cross-chain.
Nevertheless, only the Tendermint core has
access to state-changing functions between blockchains.
In addition to that, hub and zone features
allow communication between adequate blockchains
without exposing respective zones.
Moreover, these features are strengthening the
seamless security of cross-communication as well.
Cross-Communication Awareness
As we discussed in both The " Reasoning MSC
3
and MSC
4 for Scenario 1 " section and the previous
section, the proposed Cosmos-based cross-chain
works for seamless security and privacy-aware
inter- and intra-communication. There-fore, the
family of person A's end-user can communicate in
and out of their smart home network without
compromising security or privacy.
Scalability
Scalability is severely limited by traditional
blockchain. The proposed Lightning blockchain's
smart contract and multisignature channel,
on the other hand, improve transactions per
second, throughput, and cost significantly. In
addition, Cosmos features such as Tendermint
consensus and hub are improving horizontal
scalability of cross-chain. Therefore, a given
smart home can accommodate more devices
(IoT and IoRT) and users. Moreover, the proposed
smart city A can scale up to more subnetworks
via the Cosmos cross-chain from various
ownership groups (personal, home, public,
office, and city) without affecting the overall performance
and compromising security or privacy.
Limitations
The proposed solution is flexible and adaptable
for the use cases of the smart city. As of the limitation,
w.r.t. the SA for a given scenario, the proposed
SA inherits limitations of Cosmos crosschain
and Lightning blockchain technologies.
Moreover, multifactor awareness tends to vary w.
r.t. the technologies selected for parameters proposed
in the model. Nevertheless, those issues
weremitigated inmodeling aspects, and themodel
is readily available to adapt adequate technologies
93
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