IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2023 - 94

Internet of Everywhere and Edge Computing
to address those issues. Moreover, limitation w.r.t.
modeling, the proposed model focused on general
public IoE involvement in a smart city. However,
when it involves geo-distributed industry use
cases in a smart city, this proposal shows constraint
in adapting. Therefore, ECB for IoRB is proposed
and work in progress as one of the main
major modules discussed in DMC6 platform to
address those issues. Nevertheless, IoRB and IoC/
CaaS are twomain submodules of ECB.
RELATED WORKS
In the IoT domain, blockchain is a powerful
technique for addressing security and privacy
issues.18,19,25 Nevertheless, conventional blockchain
has built-in limitations such as severe scalability,
latency, and inter-communication.12,19,26
The issues mentioned above are emerging and
widely discussed in the blockchain domain. To
address the previously mentioned issues of blockchains,
onchain and non-onchain techniques are
proposed. The onchain solutions such as addressing
block data,27,28
consensus issues,29,30 and
sharding23 techniques address issues in the blockchain
itself, but are still rigid compared to the nononchain
solutions. In comparison to the onchain
solutions, non-onchain solutions, such as payment
channel solution, side-chain,31 and cross-chain,20,21
are giving relativelymore control.12,20,21 Among the
non-onchain solutions, cross-chain, a.k.a. IoB,12,29
maintains a relatively higher level of degree of freedom
with respect to scalability, identity (autonomy/privacy),
and employing utility technologies
(security, privacy, interoperability).12,20,21
Blockchain has been widely adapted for various
aspects of the smart city, such as storage,
IoT data management, queuing modeling, risk
assessment, and public opinion.32-37 Moreover,
Zhou et al.,38 Kabir et al.,39 Rathee et al.,40
Xie et al.,41 Guo et al.,42 Hakak et al.,43 and
Liu et al.44 proposed various blockchain applications
fromsmart homes to thesmart city-however,
those are still experiencing scalability and interoperability
constraints inherited by blockchain.
When it involves scalability and interoperability
constraints, cross-chain is effectively addressing
the issues raised by blockchain technologies. However,
cross-chain-based applications for the smart
CONCLUSION
This article introduces ECB for the smart
city, a multifactor aware (security, privacy,
scalability, and cross-communication) communication
platform for smart cities. First, we proposed
an ADP model for IoC, also known as
CaaS, then a reasoning abstraction solution for
RA, and finally devised SA for the given smart
city scenario. DMC is the IoC/CaaS cloud platform.
This work is a submodule of ECB, which is
one of the main modules of the MNCRP. ECB is
further divided into the industry and the general
public. In addition to that, the prime objective
of Society 5.0 is to balance economic
advancement with the resolution of social problems
and restore a human-centric society and
its values. Cross-sectional knowledge sharing,
cooperation, and reforming ecosystems are
three major provisions of Society 5.0. The proposed
IoC is complying with the norms set by
Society 5.0. Moreover, we plan to start a pilot
based on RTF, propose a comprehensive operational
resource architecture, and finally implement
a concrete solution.
city are relatively under-discussed. Jian et al. proposed
a cross-chain-based interactive decentralized
access model that employs a consortium
blockchain as the control station, which focused
on amodular level of blockchain interoperability.45
Chen et al. investigated a blockchain in the postquantum
setting and sought to discover how it can
resist a quantum computing attack.46 This work
contributes to future works in smart city postquantum
blockchain architecture. Moreover, Dustdar
et al. proposed RA for elastic smart contracts for
smart city scenarios.47 Their proposal comprises a
central and edge two-layered cloud platform and
model for elasticity as a three-dimensional space
involving resources. However, multifactor-aware
adequate modeling for blockchain for smart city
and reasoning abstraction RA and SA are still lacking
in all works. Moreover, existing works discuss
IoT involving various aspects of smart cities and
constraints in adapting for IoE in heterogeneous
use cases in the smart city. Therefore,we proposed
multifactor-aware IoC, a.k.a. CaaS, for the smart
city, which involves IoE.
94
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