IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2024 - 34

Privacy-Aware Emerging Computing
FIGURE 2. Neural-network's validation history for (a) the loss in
discriminating cyber-attacks and (b) the model's accuracy.
FIGURE 3. Power-system industrial testbed.
injection cyber-attack), relay modification (data
injection cyber-attack), and parameter modification
(data injection cyber-attack) categories.
In real-time threat detection, the model
deployed for detecting run-time anomalies gets
retrained with the incremental data periodically
and adapts to the environment for optimal identification
of delta deviations in the traffic pattern.
To validate the model's behavior of handling
heterogenetic data at runtime, the Edge-IIoTset
dataset11 was utilized. This seven-layered Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT) testbed embeds emerging
technologies, such as ThingsBoard IoT, OPNFV,
Hyperledger Sawtooth, Digital Twin, ONOS SDN
controller, Mosquitto MQTT broker, and Modbus
TCP/IP. IIoT environment (see Figure 4) simulation
doneby utilizing this testbed logged synthetic operational
data alongside five major IIoT protocolrelated
threat categories, which include DoS/DDoS,
information gathering, man-in-the-middle, command
injection,and malware attacks.
Conventional state-of-the-art machine-learning
approaches, such as random-forest, oneR, support
TABLE 2. Metrics of evaluation.
Accuracy ¼
TPþTN
TPþFNþFPþTN
Sensitivity ¼ TP
Specificity ¼ TN
Precision ¼ TP
TPþFN
TNþFP
TPþFP
f score ¼ 2 PrecisionRecall
PrecisionþRecall
FIGURE 4. Edge-IIoTset industrial testbed.
34
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
vector machine (SVM), AdaboostþJRipper, nearest
neighbor, and Naive-Bayes, were considered for
comparative performance validation with the proposed
model for the power-system and edge-IIoTset
datasets.
Data extraction is performed over both the
power system and Edge-IIoTset datasets that fall
within the aforementioned class categories, holding
thousands of individual readings recorded for
a given timeline throughout the operational state.
Postextraction, the data samples were sampled
with a 1% sampling rate to overcome imbalanced
data classification and validate themodel's behavior
for smaller training instances.
Theperformance metricsused formodel evaluation
is presented in Tables 3 and 4. On performing
stratified tenfold cross-validation for the model
over each dataset, the dense network stack
depicted classification supremacy over the diverse
heterogeneous datasets compared to conventional
learning models. Although relatively minor configuration
changes in the learning model were trialed,

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2024

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