IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - July 2016 - 101

daily life. A final creepy reminder of the possibilities is
illustrated in Minority Report, where each and every individual on earth is instantaneously and remotely identified
via a scan of his or her iris. We are speaking of fundamental
human rights here that may well be impinged, heralding in
an age of uberveillance.

ABout tHe AutHorS

Figure 5. The Aadhaar biometric data collection camp, Chirantani
Vidyapith-Howrah, 10 August 2012. (Courtesy of Biswarup Ganguly.)

The lack of general awareness is a further problem. A
transparent mapping between the ethical and governance
aspects of IRTs in a way that include informing and involving
the public is important to create and sustain public support
for such technologies.
Another guideline that should be taken into account is to
seriously consider personal decisions when it comes to IRTs.
Several countries started to establish their national iris-ID
systems-India and Jordan to mention a few-in which citizens are obligated to scan and store their iris eye prints in
national biometric databases (Figure 5). For ethical reasons,
and to alleviate any personal concerns, the person should be
free to choose whether or not his or her iris information can
be used by governments or businesses. The person's own
decision of how, when, and for how long his or her iris-related information is used and kept should also be taken into
account. After all, the iris is not the only method of identification and recognition; the person should be free to select
from a set of choices when it comes to registering his or her
details with a government or business database. The potential for retrospective use without the enrollee's permission is
another major problem. Users have no idea where their data
are being stored and who has access to it for particular further investigation (Figure 5).
Advocates of IRTs would strongly argue that the substantial problems these technologies solve and benefits they
bring far outweigh any "Orwellian concerns" there might be
about privacy, burdens of technology failures, or technology
outstripping our ability to understand the intended or the
unintended consequences of its uses. Nonetheless, it is still
important to bear in mind that investigating the social implications of IRTs, such as the current research, is strongly
required before a world where iris-based technologies, coupled perhaps with other potential surveillance technologies,
such as GPS-enabled devices [45], location-based tracking
and monitoring [46]-[49], Internet of Things [50]-[52], and
big data [53]-[55], become pervasive in all aspects of our

Anas Aloudat (a.aloudat@ju.edu.jo) is with the Department
of Management Information Systems, School of Business,
The University of Jordan.
Katina Michael (katina@uow.edu.au) is with the School
of Computing and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong,
New South Wales, Australia.
Roba Abbas (roba@uow.edu.au) is with the School of
Computing and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong,
New South Wales, Australia.

reFereNceS
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[4] D. Woodard, "Periocular-based biometrics," in Encyclopedia of
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[11] J. Andress, The Basics of Information Security, 2nd ed.: New York:
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JULY 2016

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