IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - July 2016 - 69

depicted in Figure 9. Smart cities need
to have three key features the IoT can
provide: intelligence, interconnection,
and instrumentation. The use of the
Embedded
Energy
IoT can make smart cities feasible.
Building
Systems
Management
Agriculture
Management
Smartphones, smart meters, smart senAutomation
sors, and RFID, in essence, form the
IoT framework in smart cities. The IoT
framework consists of various components including electronics, sensors,
IoT
Everyday Things
networks, firmware, and software.
Telemedicine and Health Care
The IoT is the network of interconSensor
Node
nected physical objects (called Things)
including computers, smartphones,
sensors, actuators, wearable devices,
Vehicle, Asset, and
homes, buildings, structures, vehicles,
Pet Monitoring and
Machine to Machine;
and energy systems. The IoT ensures
Controlling
Wireless
Sensor Network
Security and
the communication of many types of
Surveillance
Smart Cities
systems and applications for providing
increasingly smart, reliable, and secure
FIGURE 9. The IoT in smart cities.
services. A large variety of sensors
including RFID, IR, and GPS connect
the buildings, infrastructure, transport,
networks, and utilities through ICT. Various tasks, such as
those for information exchange and communication, intelligent
recognition, location determination, tracking, monitoring, polDatabase
Location
lution control, and identity management, can be performed by
Enterprise
the IoT framework. CPS can be brought to the discussion in
Data
Sensor
relation to the IoT. It is difficult to distinguish between CPS
E-Mail
Data
and the IoT based on the available literature. CPS is a much
larger entity than the IoT; in other words, the IoT is a network/
communication subset of CPS. It is the implementation of the
IoT in a physical system that leads to CPS.
Images
BD
HTML
The IoT can be conceptualized as a configurable dynamic
global network of networks. There are four main components of
the IoT: 1) the Things, 2) the local area network, 3) the Internet,
Public Data
Transactions
and 4) the cloud. The Things are sensors, embedded computing
devices, or embedded systems that can transmit and receive
information over a network to control another device or interact
Click
Social
with a user. An example of a Thing is a temperature sensor, a
Stream
Media
microcontroller, or a microprocessor-based device. On the other
hand, a microwave, sprinkler, house, washing machine, or
building do not come under the definition of Thing. However,
FIGURE 10. BD in smart cities.
the IoT along with these physical entities, such as buildings, can
make CPS. The Thing may perform the following: 1) identification and storage of information, 2) collection of information,
interrelated, as one needs the other two. The urban data that
3) understanding commands, 4) transmitting and receiving mesare tagged in space and time and are generated in smart citsages, 5) sensing, and 6) actuating. The IoT can be used to build
ies can be BD. The BD in smart cities may be generated
smart transportation, smart health care, and energy management
from a large collection of sensors, databases, e-mails, webin smart cities.
sites, and social media, as presented in Figure 10. It is estimated that the proliferation of sensors, social networks, web
pages, image and video applications, and mobile devices is
BIG DATA IN SMART CITIES
generating more than 2.5 quintillion bytes per day. There
In general, BD refers to a collection of large and complex
are multiple challenges for BD, including visualization,
data sets that would be difficult to process using regular
mining, analysis, capture, storage, search, and sharing. BD
database management tools or traditional data processing
requires new approaches of processing to enable enhanced
applications. The IoT, BD, and smart cities are strongly
JULY 2016

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