IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - October 2015 - 110

Table 2. DFD researchers and developers
in the private sector.

Table 3. DFD researchers and developers
in the public sector.

Specialized

Tier 1

OEMs

Universities

Government

AcuMine [8]

Bosch [39]

Audi [53]

BASt [4]

Advanced Safety
Concepts [8], [49]

Delphi [8], [40]

BMW [54]

CMU [20], [22],
[28], [32], [38], [45],
[49], [55], [57], [61]

Denso [11], [28], Caterpillar [8]
[38], [39], [55]

KTH (Royal Institute
of Technology,
Stockholm, Sweden) [41]

Canada Safety Council [3]

ARRB Transport
Research [8]
AssistWare Tech.
[8], [39], [57]

Siemens [36],
[37], [54]

Daimler
Chrysler [40]

Murdoch University [7]

U.S. Department of Defense [55]

University of Illinois [56]

Atlas Research Ltd. [8]

Visteon [40]

Ford / Volvo
[39]-[40], [52]

U.S. Department of Transportation
[5], [32], [61]

University of Linköping
[50], [51], [54]

U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Administration [48], [10], [62]

University of Michigan
[39], [48]

Governors Highway Safety
Association [39]

Attention Tech.
[8], [39], [57]

General
Motors/Saab
[40], [50]

BTExact Technologies
[58]

Nissan [14]

University of Pennsylvania
[48], [49], [61]

Ministry of Transportation of
Ontario [4]

Consolidated Research,
Inc. [8]

Scania [40]-[42],
[51]

University of
Queensland [7]

Naval Health Research Center [49]

International. Mining
(IM) Systems, Inc. [8], [49]

Toyota [3], [40]

University of Technology
of Berlin [59]

NHTSA [2], [5], [20], [22], [32],
[49], [61]

Iteris [8]

Volkswagen
[53], [59]

University of Tokyo [11]

OMC [5], [6], [10], [48], [61], [62]

Mobileye NV [8]

Railway Association of Canada [3]
Spanish Science and
Technology council [26]

MTI Research, Inc. [8]

Traffic Injury Research Foundation
(Canada) [3], [4]

Muirhead/Remote Control Tech. [8]

Transport Canada [3], [4]

Neurocom [8]

VTI [42], [50]-[51], [54]

Ospat Pty [8]
Pacific Science and
Engineering Group[8]

evaluating DFD systems and related technologies. Some of the
most involved academic or government organizations are
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) [20], [22], [28], [32], [38],
[49], [55], [57], [61]; the University of Linköping, [50], [51],
[54]; the University of Michigan [39], [48]; the NHTSA [2],
[5], [20], [22], [32], [49], [61]; the U.S. Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration [5], [6], [10], [48], [61], [62]; the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) [42],
[50], [51], [54]; and BASt (Germany) [47].
Table 3 contains some of the most important DFD developers and contributors in the public sector. Joining the two
types of developers, a conceptual map can be created showing their interrelationship (Figure 2). The common roles for
the different entities are supplier, customer, or teammate.

Pernix [8]
Precision Control
Design, Inc. [8]
Security Electronic Systems [8]
Seeing Machines
[8], [57]
Sleep Diagnostics [8]
Smart Eye [8], [17], [36],
[40], [56]
SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI) [8]

PSYCHOPHYSICAL FEATURES

Welkin [8]

In the literature involving DFD systems design, it is common
to find different terms that are used to determine the level of
consciousness of a driver. Although drowsiness is a commonly
used term, fatigue and attention are also mentioned.

Automotive Research
Testing Center (ARTC,
Taiwan) [60]

110 IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

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