IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - October 2015 - 99

disaster prevention, replacing an era where costly reaction to an
event that had already happened was the only available option.
The connected world, which is a large part of our culture
today, is also highly efficient. Per capita, fewer vehicles occupy our highways than did ten years ago, thanks to the plethora of easily accessible driverless vehicles. Smart buildings
and factories, and the smart regions that contain them, consume far less energy than years ago, and the energy-savings
benefits that started in the commercial sector are now fully
extended to the home with applications like smart metering
and smart appliances universally in place. In total, despite
significantly more e-applications in our world, energy consumption is down globally, with more energy self-sufficient
countries than ever before.
IoT's positive impact has also touched our most valuable
commodity, our natural resources, as much of the world's
water supply is now fully connected, allowing for monitoring
of water quality and early detection and communication of
damaged water delivery infrastructure. Water utilization can
now be monitored and distributed on a home-by-home basis
during conditions of extended drought-ensuring that the
essential water needs of communities are always met.
IoT has also positively impacted the forestry sector, as soilmonitoring sensors communicate moisture levels, helping to drastically reduce forest fires near urban centers by ensuring water is
strategically and automatically delivered to vulnerable regions.
The IoT impact goes well beyond the transportation, infrastructure, energy, and natural resources segments, and today
positively affects the health care, agriculture, and distribution
industries. Wearable devices today monitor heart rates, cholesterol levels, blood sugar, and many other health indicators,
advising both individuals and their care providers of potential
health risks and communicating the actions required to mitigate such risks. Heart failure rates have been reduced.
Agriculture production yield per acre for staples such as
wheat and corn have skyrocketed with IoT applications that
monitor humidity and temperature levels, virtually eliminating fungus and other microbial contaminants, and greatly
contributing to the reduction of world hunger.
The distribution industry today uses IoT to not only monitor shipments but also track unauthorized container openings
and inappropriate storage of high-risk goods, such as explosive items, in an inappropriate environment. In this sector, the
IoT has also eliminated the heinous act of smuggling humans
in massive containers.

IoT's positive impact has also
touched our most valuable
commodity, our natural resources,
as much of the world's water
supply is now fully connected,
allowing for monitoring of water
quality and early detection and
communication of damaged water
delivery infrastructure.
Public Key Infrastructure, which had already been proven to be
highly vulnerable to outside threats. Still, companies persisted
in pushing forward with inferior, cumbersome security schemas, leaving the door open for cyberterrorists to inflict substantial damage. Early connected vehicle programs were easily
hacked, in some cases causing injuries and deaths, as hackers
randomly disabled vehicular security systems, such as brakes
and acceleration. Even airlines and planes were subject to
attacks as hackers found ways to break through their inferior
security with ease.

TRUST
The 2013 Edward Snowden revelations and the "years of
the breach" that followed ushered in an era of widespread
mistrust as nations throughout the globe realized that the
e-communication in their respective worlds had been
breached, effectively giving spying nations and criminal
gangs open access to what was being digitally communicated and stored. From that point forward, nations worldwide-even allies-no longer trusted each other. The only
way that the potential of IoT was fully realized was through
the introduction of an IoT application-delivery model that
established each individual nation as its own "trust center,"
while providing the ability for information to flow easily
and securely from one trust center to another. The trust-center model that was universally adopted became known as
"social by design," because secure things from one country
could securely authenticate and communicate with secure
things in another.

BARRIER TO ENTRY

IDENTITY OF THINGS

While the IoT in today's world has delivered many economic
and other benefits to the world, the growth of the IoT was
very nearly stopped in its tracks because of the earliest market entrants' failure to recognize that three things were essential to ensure rapid, safe adoption of IoT solutions.

Many early-stage IoT efforts did not incorporate or even consider identity as a key design component, adding a layer of
application vulnerability to their solutions. [Note: it was not
until IoT 2.0 products and solutions that the term identity of
things and the functionality it implied emerged as a key component in the IoT solution-development design process.] The
message soon became abundantly clear: IoT applications protected by previously trusted security, delivered from nontrusted nations, and lacking any capability to identify the things

SECURITY
Early-stage IoT efforts, particularly connected vehicles and the
smart grid, relied on dated, nonscalable security protocols, like

october 2015

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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

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