IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2016 - 38
Airborne Weather Radar
A theoretical approach for water-surface
backscattering and wind measurements
ALEXEY NEKRASOV AND FABIO DELL'ACQUA
I
t is widely known that spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can
provide sea-surface wind field maps that are very useful for applications
where knowledge of the sea-surface wind at fine scales is crucial, such as
the analysis of waves, ocean circulation, marine meteorology, and the relationships between oceanic and atmospheric systems. Perhaps it is less
well known that airborne weather radar (AWR) may also be used for the
same purpose. In this article, we present two methods for measuring water-surface backscattering signature and estimating the near-surface wind
vector over water using AWR. The latter operates in the ground-mapping
mode as a scatterometer. An estimate of the azimuth normalized radar
cross section (NRCS) curve of the water surface is obtained from an aircraft's circular or rectilinear flight. The wind vector is retrieved from the
azimuth NRCS curve. In this article, some measuring recommendations
and algorithms are proposed.
WATER-SURFACE SCATTEROMETRY
Microwave backscattering signatures of water surfaces have been investigated actively by several researchers [1]-[14]. However, the mechanics of interactions between water surfaces and microwaves have
not been well studied in detail. A typical method for describing sea
clutter is in the form of NRCS, statistical distribution of the NRCS,
amplitude correlation, and spectral shape of the Doppler returns. For
a description of the radar backscatter from water surfaces, three major
scattering models are used, i.e., the Kirchhoff or physical optics model, the composite-surface or two-scale model, and the Bragg model.
The Kirchhoff model assumes a perfectly conducting surface (unless
it is modified to include the Fresnel reflection coefficient) and applies from small to intermediate incidence angles without shadowing
effects. In addition to the implicit dependence on the Fresnel coefficient, there is no polarization dependence. The two-scale model assumes that the radar backscatter arises from a large number of slightly
rough ripples distributed over long ocean waves. It is polarization dependent. These two models are generally used to interpret the data
acquired by SAR and real aperture radar acquisition of a variety of
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MGRS.2016.2613840
Date of publication: 16 December 2016
38
0274-6638/16©2016IEEE
ieee Geoscience and remote sensinG maGazine
DECEmBER 2016
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