IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2020 - 13
TABLE 1. THE DESCRIPTIVE RESULTS.
SECTION 1
SECTOR
%
HR SATELLITE IMAGERY USAGE
%
Research and education organizations
50.99
Observation and monitoring (of territory, specific areas,
coastlines, forests, and so on)
69.36
Local authorities
17.09
R&D (research and development)
44.57
State services
13.67
Monitoring for control
17.94
Nonscientific public institutions
13.10
Management and planning
17.50
NGOs
5
Other: personal interest
1.8
No use
1.4
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
PREFERENCES FOR PAYMENT TERMS
%
IMPACT OF A PRICE IMPOSITION ON THE REQUESTED
VOLUME OF IMAGES
%
Paying a membership fee for the pooling service
38.46
0% (The volume of requested images will not change.)
9.68
Paying for requests over a certain number of free images
35.04
25%
6.55
Combination: membership to the pooling service and payment
for some images
14.51
50%
18.23
Other
10.25
75%
24.21
Paying for the first image
1.42
100% (The organization will not require more images.)
41.31
this option). In section 5, although many respondents (41%)
believed that their organization would not request more images in the case of a price imposition, 9.7% responded that
the number of images needed would not be affected. In addition, a list of recorded answers in the " Other " category are
presented here:
◗◗ " No payment seems to be justified for a scientific use. "
◗◗ " The structure will acquire a drone instead of paying for
satellite images. "
◗◗ " Researchers must have access to public data without any
specific conditions of payment. "
◗◗ " Payment should be for added-value products, not for the
satellite images. "
◗◗ " Communities have declining budgets, and the priority is
not for image acquisition. "
◗◗ " Funding must be done through ministries. "
STATISTICAL RESULTS
The respondents' answers revealed rich information, which we
extracted through statistical analysis. We began by applying the
maximum-likelihood principle to compute the estimators for
the different parameters (Table 2). In addition, all of the sector coefficients are measured relative to the reference level. The
demand curve (Figure 2) indicates the global probability of acceptance for different proposed price amounts. To represent the
global demand probabilities, we considered V as fixed and represented by the mean of all Vi of the significant sectors' users.
To evaluate the global performance of a logistic regression,
we used the receiver operating characteristic curve [49]. The
area under the curve is approximately 86.8%, indicating a
good model performance with a high global prediction accuracy. To be able to perform a graphical WTP analysis, we used
a zoomed version of the global model to clearly visualize the
demand curve (Figure 3).
DECEMBER 2020
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
Based on Figure 3 and applying (4) and (5), several interesting results can be derived. As expected, the percentage of individuals who are ready to accept a proposed price decreases
as the price increases. On the other hand, the global median
amount (corresponding to 50% WTP) is approximately €1,209,
which means that 50% of individuals are expected to agree to
pay more than this sum and 50% to refuse. By charging €1,209
per image, GEOSUD could lose half of its subscribers. By applying (4), one can specify a p-level WTP for any value of p.
For example, approximately 63% of users are not willing to pay
more than €300 per image; however, approximately 10% of
users are willing to pay €4,969 or more for an HR satellite image. Another important statistical result obtained by numerical
integration of (5) is the mean value per image, which is globally approximately €1,696 per image. Charging this amount to
GEOSUD users should lead to an acceptance rate of 43%, with
57% of users no longer acquiring imagery.
SECTOR-BY-SECTOR ANALYSIS
Based on the results in Table 2, sectors D 2 = local authorities,
D 3 = state services, and D 4 = nonscientific public institutions
TABLE 2. THE ESTIMATORS' ANALYSIS.
COEFFICIENTS
ESTIMATE
STANDARD
ERROR
Z VALUE
P VALUE
(>|Z|)
B = Price ( b 1)
-5.843 #10-4
4.717 #10-5
-12.386
12 #10-16 ****
-3
V = Volume ( b 2)
1785
.
#10
2.214
0.0268**
D 2 ( b 4)
5.236 #10-1
3.086 #10-1
1.697
0.0898*
D 3 ( b 5)
-1
2.656 #10
-1
2.332
0.0197 **
4.642 #10
-1
2.077
0.0378**
D 4 ( b 6)
-2
6.193 #10
9.642 #10
-1
8.062 #10
Asterisks indicate statistical significance at the *10%, **5%, ***1%, and ****0.1% asymptotic
levels, respectively, and apply to subsequent tables.
13
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