IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2020 - 34

FIGURE 9. A synoptic view of the CCD reference image and its generated boundaries using the proposed warping algorithm.

FIGURE 10. The CCD boundaries overlaid on the reference image

with reference to Figure 9.
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THE
SIMILARITY MEASURES
In this section, the similarity measures are compared for both
VHRR and CCD images. As discussed in the " Methodology
and Software Development for Meteorological Image Registration " section, the moving-window algorithm is implemented
to automate the match-point identification. To this end, the
size of the search window should be selected so as not to miss
34

any GCP for corresponding match identification in a sensed
image. The sizes of the target window and the search window
should not be too large or too small as well. By looking at the
amount of deviation in the VHRR images, the optimal sizes of
the windows have been selected based on fundamental theory
in image processing [8], [15]. The size of the target window
is 11 × 11, and a search window of 31 × 31 has been utilized.
In this article, we used a combination of NCC and MSD
as a similarity measure, i.e., we consider a match point when
NCC is highest and MSD is minimum while running the
moving-window algorithm at the GCPs. This combined
similarity matching criteria is found to be fast and accurate
for both KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3A image data. Also, we observed that the MI and CRA as similarity measures may lead
to false point matching, which ultimately can lead to misregistration. In addition, both the statistical measures are found
to be computationally taxing. Table 6 shows the performance
comparisons of various similarity measures for VHRR images.
In the case of the CCD images, there are more violent deviations compared to the VHRR data. Hence, the sizes of the
windows must be increased. In the CCD case, a search window
of 101 × 101 and a target window of 21 × 21 have been selected.
However, this leads to higher computational time for automatic match-point identification in cases of MI and CRA. Table 6
shows the performance of a combination of NCC and MSD as
a measure for the CCD image registration. Note that we have
avoided MI and CRA in the comparison for CCD data.
MULTIBAND DATA REGISTRATION FOR VHRR AND
CCD IMAGES
Multiband registration for the images acquired at the same
time of day has been achieved in a similar way as for the
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE

DECEMBER 2020



IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2020

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