IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2023 - 116

116
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE DECEMBER 2023
U-Net-EfficientNet-B1
U-Net-MobileNet
59.8 47.6 41.8 39.6 40.8 38.1
43.6 60.8 46.8 42.4 40.5 36.4
40.9 45.8 63.6 46.3 44.4 38.4
36.7 47.9 48.1 63.1 40.4 39.6
44.1 44.9 48.2 44 60.5 37.3
42.4 49.7 52.6 56.2 60.7 50
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
Segmenter-Tiny
43.6 25.4 25.6 21.9
21 47 25.6 21 19.2 19.1
18.4 22.7 46.6 22.1 18.2 18.6
16.1 21.5 24.1 47.8 15 21.6
19.4 20 19.7 19.9 41.4 18
19.7 27.6 35.6 23.7 50.7 19.8
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
FastSCNN
60.5 39.8 36.3 32.9 34 32.1
38.4 59.3 42.7 33.7 35 27.8
33.6 42.1 63.3 38.1 32 27.8
31.6 44.2 41.7 62.1 29.1 28.8
36.1 38.4 36.4 35 57.4 28.4
43.5 45.7 49.1 45.7 60.2 42.7
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
SqueezeNAS
57.5 43.6 37 35.5 34.7 31.4
45.6 57 46.8 40.8 34.8 31.4
38.3 42.2 59.4 42 34.8 26.8
39.1 42.5 47.8 60.9 29.7 30.4
39.6 38.1 37.9 36.4 54.3 29.3
46.6 48.3 50.5 48.8 45.9 55.9
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
24.3 22.4
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
56.9 45.7 39.5 32.6 37.2 35.2
38.1 59.8 44.1 37 37.3 30.5
34.6 44.6 62.2 34.3 41.1 32.6
31.7 47.8 47.1 60.8 34 30
40.7 43.3 40 38.6 58.8 34
38.5 46.4 54.3 44.6 60.5 45.2
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
HRNet-W18
57.3 39.4 35.4 32.9
39 56.8 43.4 34.2
33.4 36.7 59.3 35.4
28.7 38.4 38.4 60.4
36.3 33.8 34.6 32.3
38 41.6 43.1 39.6
35.2 29.5
32.3 26.9
29.4 22.9
27.4 30.8
54.4 25.9
57.8 39.4
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
U-NetFormer-EfficientNet-B2
61.5 49.4 45.1 39.6 42 32.2
48.8 61.7 52.6 45.8 45.5 34.1
44.5 52.3 66.6 49.1 46.6 32.8
44.5 53.5 54.3 63.1 42.1 33.6
46.2 47 51.2 46.5 61.2 30.7
44.4 51.5 59.7 55.2 49.4 56.7
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
DNAS
56.7 41.3 36.5 35.2 34.5 31.9
40.3 55.7 44.4 39.2 36.3 30.7
33.8 42 60.2 40.4 32.6 26.9
37.3 41.2 47.8 60.5 31.9 31.1
36.4 38.2 36.7 34.1 55.3 29.5
44.3 47.2 51.2 49.8 43.1 58.4
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
U-Net-MobileOne_S1
59.4 45.5 44.2 34.4 41.3 35.6
43.4 60.8 46.6 41 38.1 31.7
36.5 44.1 64.9 43.1 44 34.4
36.3 47.6 45.8 63.4 37.4 34.2
43.8 46.2 45.9 42.4 59.5 34.9
39.1 49.1 54.4 51.2 60.3 42.9
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
STDC
56.8 39.6 33.6 32.6 32.1 30.8
38.3 56.5 43.7 35.2 30.3 25.4
29.3 38.8 59.3 37.1 29.3 22.7
27.9 39.4 41.2 60.2 25.3 25.7
33.4 34 34.3 31.6 53.4 26.5
32.8 42.6 46.1 44.8 57.8 34.6
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
MRF-UNets
59.3 44.8 39 37.4 38.9 32
43.9 58 47.9 40.7 36.4 30.2
35.2 42.9 60.7 43 36.7 28.2
35.6 42.2 47.7 62.1 30.8 29.7
41.6 40 39.5 38.4 56.5 31.4
48.6 46.7 50.5 44.6 44.8 56.2
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
FasterSeg
52.9 32.9 30 28.7 31.1 26.8
32.2 50.7 32.5 27.8 26.8 24.2
28.1 33 56.6 30 24.6
25.7 30.1 33.9 55.1 22.9 24.8
32.9 30 29.5 26.7
36.1 35.7 41.9 31.4
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
21.6
37.1 57.8
50.5
25.3
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
SegFormerMit-B0
56.3 37.8 34.3 33.5 35.4 31.8
41.6 56.5 39.8 35.1 36.3 31
30.6 41.9 60.2 36.9 33.6 25.7
32.9 39.1 39.8 60.3 32.1 27.3
31.8 34.6 28.9 29.7 53.8 27.7
42.3 46.9 44.2 40.1 60.8 44.2
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
CGNet
61 44.6 36.7 35.1 30.9 30.9
39.6 59.6 43.8 36.8 39 27.4
35.5 43.2 61.5 37.4 35.3 28.5
32.1 41 46.3 62 33.2 26
38.7 39.4 37.9 35.4 59.2 30
40.2 42.1 46.4 47.3 59.6 46.1
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
BiX-NAS
53.9 41.8 32.8 32.7 37.1 31.8
43.6 53 43.9 32.7 33.1 29.6
32.3 40 53.2 35.5 33.3
36.6 39.1 38.3 55 29.9 29.6
37.7 35.5 32.4 31.7 53.1 26.6
47.8 46.8 48.8 48.2 40.8 55.1
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
SparseMask
33.5 27.2 29.7 30 23.1 27.1
27.5
26.7 36.4 48.3 30.4 25.1 22.8
29.5 36.1 34.6 44.6 25.1 27.3
25.2 29.8 28.7 25.3 41.2 15.2
23.5 40.3 33.7 41.5 34.7 47
AF AS EU NA OC SA
Target
FIGURE 23. Continent-wise domain generalization results of the models. The results are mIoUs of the models based on the continent-wise domain adaptation settings in [41]. Asia: AS, Europe: EU,
Africa: AF, North America: NA, South America: SA, and Oceania: OC. Note, for the U-Net-EfficientNet and the U-NetFormer-EfficientNet series, we only used U-Net-EfficientNet-B1 and U-Net-EfficientNet-B2,
respectively, for this evaluation.
42.3 34.4 27.9 22.2 23.8
70
60
50
40
30
20
24.6
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
SA OC
Source
NA EU
AS AF
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - December 2023
