IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2015 - 10

Biosphere

Deforestation, Degradation, Fires* (REDD)
Forest Biomasse Change*
Biodiversity
Geosphere

Volcanic Activities
Earthquakes
Land Slides

Cryosphere

Sea Ice Extent*
Permafrost*

Glacier & Ice Cap Dynamics*
Hydrosphere

Soil Moisture*
Flooding

*) Essential Climate
Variables

Ocean Currents*

Days

Weeks

Months

Years

Observation Interval

Figure 1. Examples of dynamic processes on the Earth's surface to be monitored by Tandem-L. By the use of digital beamforming techniques in elevation and azimuth in combination with a large deployable reflector, the stringent scientific and user requirements for global
monitoring with high resolution and wide swath including polarimetric and interferometric imaging modes can be met.

years is required when it comes to monitor fast-occurring,
highly-dynamic processes, such as the relaxation following
an earthquake, as well as slowly-occurring processes, like
the inter-annual variation of forest biomass, with the necessary accuracy and resolution. The fulfillment of these basic
requirements defines the profile of the mission: Tandem-L
should be able to image large areas regularly, in the shortest
possible time intervals and with high spatial resolution over
several years. This, together with a systematically planned
acquisition strategy, should enable the generation of consistent time series for the entire Earth.
Parallel to the systematic mapping and monitoring of
Earth system processes, Tandem-L should be able to serve
emergency and disaster situations providing not only images
with high spatial and temporal resolution, but also information products, as for example topographic information, terrain
deformation and change and critical infrastructure mapping.
A number of science team meetings and user workshops organized in the last years by DLR have been used
to define, consolidate and prioritize 10 application areas
with the associated (Level-2 and 3) products as the mission driving science products:
1) Large scale deformation: Tandem-L is the first configuration optimized for monitoring of terrain deformation
without compromises. It has therefore the potential to
be a milestone mission in mapping the highly dynamic
changes of Earth's topography [8], [9], [10], [11]. Five
different application scenarios are considered:
10

* Inter-seismic deformation: 3-D displacement vector maps with an accuracy of 2 mm/year at the
end of the mission on a 50 # 50 m2 grid for all
critical areas (i.e., tectonic areas with a strain rate
2 3 # 10 -9 /year - see also Figure 2).
* Co-seismic deformation: 3-D displacement vector
maps with an accuracy of 10 mm (after Atmospheric
Phase Screen (APS) removal) on a 10 # 10 m2 grid.
* Tectonics for volcanoes: For 1538 holocene volcanoes
worldwide 3-D displacement vector map with a 5 mm
accuracy (after APS removal) on a 20 # 20 m2 grid.
* Urban subsidence: Subsidence maps with an accuracy of 1 mm/year on a 20 # 20 m2 grid for 754
cities worldwide. An example is shown in Figure 2
where the rapid subsidence of the city of Semarang
and its surroundings is measured by ALOS/PalSAR.
* Landslides: 2-D velocity map with an accuracy of
5-10 mm (after APS removal) on a 10 # 10 m2 grid.
All applications take advantage of a DEM acquired in bistatic mode from the same wavelength and observation geometry as the deformation measurement.
2) Global base map: Coverage of all land surfaces in a
10-meter resolution twice a year in order to establish
a consistent global archive of polarimetric bistatic interferometric data. The interferometric data acquired
during the different mission phases will provide global
digital elevation and terrain models (DEM and DTM)
with a quality comparable to the final product being
ieee Geoscience and remote sensing magazine

june 2015



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