IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2016 - 34

(a)

Runway

Airplane

(b)

Residential

River

Ocean

Meadow

Industrial

Bare Soil

(c)
fIgURe 8. (a) The whole image for image annotation. (b) The image ground truth. (c) Example images associated with the eight land-use

categories from the image: 1) runway, 2) airplane, 3) residential, 4) river, 5) ocean, 6) meadow, 7) industrial, and 8) bare soil.

each class, while the remaining images were used for testing, as shown in Table 2.
For the Sydney data set, we trained the RCNet function
using stochastic gradient descent with a batch size of 32, a
momentum of 0.9, a weight decay of 0.0005, and a learning
rate of 0.01. We trained each RCNet for roughly 800 cycles
with the whole training set. The PC environment was the
same as previously mentioned. We also compared the final
classification accuracies for RCNet and the traditional
methods. Table 3 shows the average overall accuracies for
the four methods. The results confirm that using the supervised DL method is an efficient way to increase the RS scene
classification accuracy.
ConCLUsIons And fUtURe WoRK
In this technical tutorial, we have systematically reviewed
the state-of-the-art DL techniques in RS data analysis. The
DL techniques were originally rooted in machine-learning
fields for classification and recognition tasks, and they have
only recently appeared in the geoscience and RS community. From the four perspectives of image preprocessing,
pixel-based classification, target recognition, and scene
understanding, we have found that DL techniques have
had significant successes in the areas of target recognition
and scene understanding, i.e., areas that have been widely
accepted as challenges in recent decades in the RS community because such applications require us to abstract the
high-level semantic information from the bottom-level
june 2016

ieee Geoscience and remote sensing magazine

tABLE 2. tHE tRAINING ANd tESt SAMPLES FOR
tHE SydNEy dAtA SEt.
CLASS

SAMPLES

NO.

NAME

tRAINING

tESt

1.

runway

25

97

2.

airplane

25

16

3.

residential

25

381

4.

river

25

59

5.

ocean

25

133

6.

meadow

25

102

7.

industrial

25

101

8.

Bare soil

25

9

200

898

total

tABLE 3. tHE OVERALL ACCURACIES FOR tHE dIFFERENt
MEtHOdS WItH tHE SydNEy dAtA SEt.
MEtHOd

SPMK

SSC

SSAE

RCNet

accuracy

89.67%

91.33%

92.20%

98.78%

features (usually the raw pixel representation), while the
traditional RS methods of feature describing feature
extraction classification are shallow models, with which
35



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