IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2017 - 23

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

figure 16. The classification maps for the University of Pavia. Thematic maps using (a) a raw hyperspectral image, (b) EMPNs, (c) EMPRs,

(d) EMPPRs, (e) APs, (f) APPR s, (g) EAPs, and (h) EAPPRs.

because the attribute of the Std produces better global
accuracies than other attributes. With original APs, there
is a large amount of confusion between gravel and bricks
and meadows and soil. We see a clear improvement when
using APPRs, and most of the gravel and meadows are
now well classified.
resULts on tHe UniVersitY oF HoUston Lidar data
Recent advances in airborne LiDAR technology allow us
to rapidly measure topographical information over large
areas. LiDAR remote sensing data have been widely used
in many applications, e.g., forest management, urban planning, and disaster predictions. However, extracting useful
information from LiDAR data remains challenging, especially in urban remote sensing where many objects have
june 2017

ieee Geoscience and remote sensing magazine

the same elevation and are connected, such as roads and
parking lots, trees, and buildings. We analyze the use of
mathematical morphology to extract additional information for land-use classification. The resulting accuracies are
reported in Table 5, and the classification maps are shown
in Figure 17.
With only elevation information from raw LiDAR data,
there is a large amount of confusion between water and
soil and between the different man-made classes. When
adding additional information extracted by mathematical
morphology, we see a clear improvement with K over 20-
45%. Consequently, the soil and road classes are better
distinguished. This data set is very challenging for classification because the elevation information is very similar in
some classes (e.g., tree and residential, grass stressed and
23



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