IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2017 - 75

john brozena (john.brozena@nrl.navy.mil) received his
Ph.D. degree in earth sciences from the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. Beginning in 1979, he developed
an airborne gravity measurement system. He is currently
the head of the Geophysical and Geodetic Systems Section
with the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
Richard D. Hale (rhale@ku.edu) received his B.S. degree
in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University, Ames,
in 1988, his M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from
Washington University St. Louis, Missouri, in 1991, and
his Ph.D. degree in engineering mechanics from Iowa State
University, in 1995. He is a professor of aerospace engineering
with the University of Kansas, Lawrence, where he also serves
as an associate director for Technology and the Air Vehicles
lead for the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets.

REfERENCES
[1] NOAA, "State of the Climate: Global Snow and Ice for Annual
2014," NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/
global-snow/201413
[2] T. C. Chang, J. Foster, H. D. M. Owe, and A. Rango, "Passive and
active microwave studies of wet snowpack properties," Nord.
Hydrol., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 57-66, 1985.
[3] G. A. Maykut, "Energy exchange over young sea ice in the
central Arctic," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 83, no. C7, pp. 3646-3658,
July 1978.
[4] M. A. Webster, I. G. Rigor, D. K. Perovich, J. A. Richter-Menge,
C. M. Polashenski, and B. Light, "Seasonal evolution of melt
ponds on Arctic sea ice," J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, vol. 120, no. 9,
pp. 5968-5982, 2015. doi: 10.1002/2015JC011030.
[5] D. K. Perovich, B. Light, H. Eicken, K. F. Jones, K. Runciman,
and S. V. Nghiem, "Increasing solar heating of the Arctic
Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979-2005: Attribution and role in
the ice-albedo feedback," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 34, pp. 1-5,
Oct. 2007.
[6] M.-L. Timmermans, "The impact of stored solar heat on Arctic
sea ice growth," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 6399-
6406, Aug. 2015.
[7] J. Overland, J. Francis, R. Hall, E. Hanna, S.-J. Kim, and T. Vihma, "The melting Arctic and mid-latitude weather patterns:
Are they connected?" J. Climate, vol. 28, no. 20, pp. 7917-7932,
2015.
[8] M. Ardyna, M. Babin, M. Gosselin, E. Devred, L. Rainville, and
J. Tremblay, "Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall
phytoplankton blooms," Geophysical Res. Lett., vol. 41, no. 17,
pp. 6207-6212, Sept. 2014.
[9] P. Hezel, X. Zhang, C. M. Bitz, B. P. Kelly, and F. Massonnet,
"Projected decline in spring snow depth on Arctic sea ice
caused by progressively later autumn open ocean freeze-up
this century," Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 39, no. L17505, pp. 1-6,
Sept. 2012.
[10] R. Massom, H. Eicken, C. Haas, M. O. Jeffries, M. R. Drinkwater,
M. Sturm, A. P. Worby, X. Wu, V. I. Lytle, S. Ushio, K. Morris, P. A.
Reid, S. Warren, and I. Allison, "Snow on Antarctic sea ice," Rev.
Geophysics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 413-445, 2001.
june 2017

ieee Geoscience and remote sensing magazine

[11] K. A. Giles, S. W. Laxon, D. J. Wingham, D. Wallis, W. B. Krabill, C. J. Leuschen, D. McAdoo, S. S. Manizade, and R. K. Raney,
"Combined airborne laser and radar altimeter measurements
over the Fram Strait in May 2002," Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 111,
pp. 182-194, Nov. 2007.
[12] R. L. Armstrong and M. J. Brodzik, "Recent northern hemisphere
snow extent: A comparison of data derived from visible and
microwave satellite sensors," Geophys. Res. Lett, vol. 28, no. 19,
pp. 3673-3676, Oct. 2001.
[13] B. H. Ramsay, "The interactive multisensor snow and ice
mapping system," Hydrol. Process, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1537-1546,
Aug. 1998.
[14] H. Zhao and R. Fernandes, "Daily snow cover estimation from
advanced very high resolution radiometer polar pathfinder
data over northern hemisphere land surfaces during 1982-
2004," J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., vol. 114, no. D5, pp. D05113,
March 2009.
[15] M. Tedesco, Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley,
2015.
[16] M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, and D. K. Perovich, "Winter snow cover
on the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean at the Surface Heat Budget of
the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA): Temporal evolution and spatial variability," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 107, 2002.
[17] S. Gogineni, K. K. P. Wong, T. Markus, and V. Lytle, "An ultra-wideband radar for measurements of snow thickness over
sea ice," in Proc. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp.,
2003.
[18] P. Kanagaratnam, T. Markus, V. Lytle, B. Heavey, P. Jansen, G.
Prescott, and S. Gogineni, "Ultrawideband radar measurements
of thickness of snow over sea ice," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote
Sens., vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 2715-2724, 2007
[19] R. Willyard, "Airborne radar for measuring snow thickness over
sea ice," M.S. thesis, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, 2007.
[20] S. Krishann, "Modeling and simulation analysis of an FMCW
radar for measuring snow thickness," M.S. thesis, Univ. Kansas,
Lawrence, 2000.
[21] B. Panzer, C. Leuschen, A. Patel, T. Markus, and S. Gogineni,
"Ultra-wideband radar measurements of snow thickness over sea
ice," in Proc. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Honolulu,
HI, 2010, pp. 2715-2724.
[22] B. Panzer, D. Gomez-Garcia, C. Leuschen, J. Paden, F. Rodriguez-Morales, A. Patel, T. Markus, B. Holt, and S. Gogineni,
"An ultra-wideband, microwave radar for measuring snow
thickness on sea ice and mapping near-surface internal layers in polar firn," J. Glaciology, vol. 59, no. 214, pp. 244-254,
2013.
[23] F. Rodriguez-Morales, S. Gogineni, C. Leuschen, J. Paden,
J. Li, C. Lewis, B. Panzer, D. Gomez-Garcia Alvestegui, A.
Patel, K. Byers, R. Crowe, K. Player, R. Hale, E. Arnold, L.
Smith, C. Gifford, D. Braaten, and C. Panton, "Advanced
multifrequency radar instrumentation for polar research,"
IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 2824-
2842, 2013.
[24] L. Koenig, S. Martin, M. Studinger, and J. Sonntag, "Polar airborne observations fill gap in satellite data," Eos Trans. AGU, vol.
91, no. 38, 2010, pp. 333-334.

75
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2017
