IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2017 - 87

This convergence of the digital and sensor revolutions is
of technologies, and facilitated access to risk capital. The
already impacting a significant part of the EO community,
space industry, once dominated by a few players, is increaswhich is increasingly moving away from pure remote-sensing
ingly becoming an incredibly diverse ecosystem with new
products to integrated data sets (EO and non-EO), from simactors, including startups (e.g., Planet, Skybox Imaging, and
ple monitoring to predictive analytics, and ultimately from
Spire). These new companies develop large constellations
data to information as a service.
of low-cost small satellites, which map very large areas at
To respond to these rapid changes, ESA is now develophigh resolution (soon submeter) daily and disseminate the
ing the EO Open Science program [52] as an integral part of
information in real time while offering engineering agility,
the ESA Space 4.0 initiative, in line with the ESA EO Science
economy of scale, and the enhanced resilience of the space
strategy [20] and the evolution of the ground segment [21].
system. This new ecosystem creates new business models
The ESA EO Open Science program is defined as the set of
leading to a growing market for EO, with current estimates
activities making EO data, scientific results, and data-intenof several billions of dollars in revenue annually [4], [6]. In
sive research accessible to all levels of society, from citizens
addition, new digital technologies also allow the collection
to experts and decision makers. This article describes some
of user-generated content gathered through mobile phones,
of elements of this program element, focusing on the bigcrowdsourcing, and social media, providing scientists with
data tools, infrastructures, and skills.
a unique microscope on our society in real time [8] and the
ability to capitalize on cognitive surplus and collective intelSOME ELEMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY'S
ligence for the first time in history [9]. Also, the emergence
EARTH OBSERVATION OPEN SCIENCE PROGRAM
of international policies for open data sharing (e.g., the
The ESA EO Open Science program is driven by science
G8 Open Data Charter) is encouraging governments and
needs, not by technologies (Figure 1). Each step in the scienfunding bodies to liberate publicly funded data by making
tific process is linked to ongoing changes entailed by open
them more open (no restriction to use and re-use), discoverscience, such as the emergence of alternative reputation
able (being machine readable), and shareable (enabling free
access) to accelerate science. Many
initiatives on open data across the
world are now promoting the wider
use of open data, delivering societal
and economic benefits. For example,
the release of the 40 years of Landsat
archive for free in 2008 has led to a
Citizen
major acceleration in the use of the
Science
Data Intensive
Open-Source
Science (TEP,
data (from about 19,000 to 2,100,000
Toolboxes
Data Mining)
scenes per year). These technological trends are dramatically reshaping the science enterprise into a new
Online Virtual
Online Courses
Laboratories
and Tutorials
modus operandi to do and organize
Analysis
research, referred to here as open science [10]-[12]. This new way of doing
Data Gathering
Publication
science is characterized by enhanced
Open Data
transparency, traceability, commuOpen Access
Access and
Publications
nity tools, an unprecedented level
Documentation
Conceptualization
Review
of computing power on demand,
new types of collaboration among
EO Research Cycle
researchers, and new actors such as
Alternative
Science
Reputation
Outreach and
citizen scientists. Some ICT players,
Systems
Showcase
like Microsoft, also argue that the
Science
use of AI on big data represents a new
Collaborative
Blogs/Forums
fourth paradigm of science, compleLibraries
menting the traditional experimentation and theor y and the use of
numerical simulations by an inductive reasoning identifying relationships in the data set. In this data-led FIGURE 1. A schematic of the EO open science process. The outer circle identifies the interapproach, the data come first, ver- connected trends within open science. The inner circle visualizes the entire scientific process,
sus the traditional method in which from conceptualization of research ideas to publication. (Schematic adapted from the EC
data are used to test hypotheses.
consultation [10].) TEP: Thematic Exploitation Platform.
june 2017

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