IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2019 - 107

Reference MTV

350
Intensity (Counts)

300

α Band
(2-3 µm)

250

β Band
(3-5 µm)

200
150
100
50
0
2

2.5

3

(a)

3.5
4
4.5
Wavelength (µm)
(b)

5

5.5

FIGURE 6. An air-to-air flare MTV. (a) A photo of Lacroix fighter countermeasures and (b) the MTV spectrum [32].

JUNE 2019

IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE

DEFEATING CAMOUFLAGE
HSI is the most efficient technology for defeating camouflage and occluded targets. This technology employs a large
spectral range and high spectral resolution to differentiate
between camouflaged targets and backgrounds [34]. Multispectral camouflage refers to countersurveillance techniques
that conceal objects from detection across several ranges
of the electromagnetic spectra at the same time. Although
traditional military camouflage hides objects in the visible
spectrum, multispectral camouflage simultaneously hides
objects from detection methods such as IR, radar, and millimeter-wave radar imaging [35].
In near IR (NIR), camouflage material attempts to imitate the spectrum of vegetation, soil, and man-made materials (Figure 7). Most advanced technologies achieve
satisfactory success in wavelengths between 1 and 2.2 µm;
however, beyond this wave range, attempts to imitate transmittance from biomass or clay minerals are accomplished

0.8

Asphalt
Soil
Camouflage
Vegetation

0.7
0.6
Reflectance

frequency analysis conducted by the seeker head, which
distinguishes between the radiation characteristics of the
IR radiators of the target (i.e., aircraft body) that exhibit
a comparatively low temperature and the radiation characteristics of a decoy that exhibit high temperature. Such
seekers are called two-color systems because they operate in
two wavelength ranges at the same time: i.e., the 2-3- and
3-5-µm range for true negative detection (Figure 4) or the
3-5- and 8-12-µm range for true positive detection, respectively [31], [32].
The progress made in focal-plane-array technology
and miniature optical spectrometers has provided an opportunity to design and develop HSI-seeker technology.
The goal is to make the seeker heads "intelligent" and thus
to make the missile immune to conventional IR fake targets, i.e., to design them in such a manner so that they
respond to the object's signature, particularly that of the
aircraft. Such imaging is used in air-to-air, air-to-ground,
or ground-to-air missiles and includes an HSI system
based on a dispersive spectrometer, a tracking system, and
a guiding control system.
Prior to launching the missile, the spectral signature
for the intended target is provided to the HSI system either
directly by observing a target of interest or remotely by
supplying the spectral signature of the target that was obtained from a separate hyperspectral imagery system. After
launch, the system seeks the target that matches the spectral signature. The system maintains tracking of the target
spectrum and guides a missile to intercept the target's signature. In reality, although the hyperspectral signatures are
formed from the precise spectra of the target, the number of
false positive detections is still higher than necessary. The
main reason for this limitation is the low technology readiness level of the RTMS in comparison to the complexity of
the detected scene. Intercepting a flying aircraft is a highly
challenging task that requires the ability to sense a target's
location, discriminate between a target and decoy, and respond rapidly to changes in real time.

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

1

1.5

2

2.5
3
3.5
Wavelength (µm)

4

4.5

5

FIGURE 7. The selected spectra of asphalt, soil, vegetation, and

camouflage nets.
107



IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2019

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