IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 11

geometry, if the topography of the surface can be thought of
as the unique source of true interferometric phases (distributed
mode), the absolute phase of the sth pixel is defined by
·
}
topo s =
()
4r
m
·
rs
()·( )
()
Bh s
sin i
,
(1)
where m is the wavelength of SAR signal, B is the normal
baseline length, i is the incidence angle, r(s) is the distance
between the master antenna and the target of the sth pixel
in the scene, and h(s) is the terrain height of the sth pixel.
If ground deformation occurs within the SAR image acquisition
period, the absolute phase change (i.e., differential
phase) of the sth pixel is defined by
}
def() =
sd(),s
4
r
·
m
(2)
where d(s) is the ground displacement of the sth pixel in
the line-of-sight direction. Figure 2(a) shows a real interferogram,
which is from the topography of the Mount Etna
volcano, Italy; Figure 2(b) shows a real differential interferogram,
which is caused by the 2003 Bam earthquake,
Iran. From Figure 2, it can be seen that the measured phase
value of each pixel in the InSAR interferogram is only the
absolute phase modulo 2π, which has the periodic nature
JUNE 2021 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
of phase called the wrapped phase. Under this condition,
most of the aforementioned InSAR-based applications are
usually done by means of the PU [4].
The traditional SB PU (also called a traditional 2D
PU) is an ill-posed inverse problem [5], [6]. This means
that, no matter how skillful the PU algorithm designer
is, it is impossible to design an algorithm that can correctly
process every PU situation, i.e., for any given SB
PU method, we can always generate its unsolvable input
wrapped phase in polynomial time. Therefore, it is only
-2
2
-2
2
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 2. (a) A real interferogram from the topography of the
Mount Etna volcano, Italy. (b) A real differential interferogram,
which was caused by the 2003 Bam earthquake, Iran.
11

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021

Contents
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - Contents
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 2
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 3
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 4
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 5
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 6
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 7
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 8
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 9
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 10
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 11
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 12
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 13
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 14
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 15
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 16
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 17
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 18
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 19
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 20
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 21
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 22
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 23
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 24
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 25
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 26
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 27
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 28
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 29
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 30
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 31
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 32
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 33
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 34
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 35
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 36
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 37
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 38
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 39
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 40
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 41
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 42
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 43
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 44
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 45
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 46
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 47
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 48
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 49
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 50
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 51
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 52
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 53
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 54
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 55
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 56
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 57
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 58
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 59
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 60
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 61
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 62
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 63
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 64
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 65
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 66
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 67
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 68
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 69
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 70
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 71
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 72
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 73
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 74
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 75
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 76
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 77
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 78
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 79
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 80
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 81
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 82
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 83
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 84
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 85
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 86
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 87
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 88
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 89
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 90
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 91
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 92
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 93
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 94
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 95
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 96
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 97
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 98
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 99
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 100
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 101
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 102
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 103
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 104
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 105
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 106
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 107
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 108
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 109
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 110
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 111
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 112
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 113
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 114
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 115
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 116
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 117
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 118
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 119
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 120
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 121
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 122
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 123
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 124
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 125
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 126
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 127
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - 128
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - June 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com