IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2016 - 33
The satellite will collect detailed
measurements of how bodies of
water on Earth change over time. It
will survey at least 90% of the globe
using a two-aperture cross-track Kaband radar interferometer, studying
Earth's lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and
oceans at least twice every 21 days
to improve ocean circulation models, weather, and climate predictions and aid in freshwater management around the world. SWOT will
be jointly developed and managed
by NASA, CNES, and the Canadian
Space Agency [35], [36].
SMAP Second Light-Radar and Radiometer Data
31 March-3 April 2015
HH Normalized Radar Cross Section
+90°
+45°
0°
-45°
-90°
-180°
-135°
-90°
-45°
0°
+45°
+90°
+135°
+180°
cubeSats
NASA's CubeSat programs provide
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
dB
opportunities for small satellite sys(a)
tems to fly as auxiliary payloads
SMAP Second Light-Radar and Radiometer Data
on planned missions. These space31 March-3 April 2015
craft, all of which were built from
H-Polarized Brightness Temperature
one or more units about 10 cm on a
80°
side, facilitate science, exploration,
60°
and technology development and
advance educational goals in partner40°
ship with universities, industry, and
20°
internally within NASA. JPL's Earth
0°
exploration CubeSats are designed to
-20°
support Earth science technology and
research, including the following:
-40°
◗ the Michigan Multipurpose Minis-60°
atellite carrying the CubeSat On-80°
Board Processing Validation Ex-150°
-100°
-50°
0°
50°
100°
150°
periment [37]
◗ the Intelligent Payload Experiment
180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
to validate autonomous science
K
and data reduction technologies
(b)
for the proposed Hyperspectral Infrared Imager mission [38]
FIGURe 8. The radar backscatter and radiometer brightness temperature of the globe from the
◗ the Geostationary Coastal and
early SMAP mission. (Figure courtesy of JPL.)
Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE)
Read-Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC)
In-Flight Performance Experiment to perform an engi◗ the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder to measure
neering assessment of a JPL-developed all-digital in-pixel
upwelling infrared radiation of the earth in the midhigh-frame-rate ROIC for the proposed GEO-CAPE
wavelength infrared (MWIR) region of the spectrum,
mission [39]
validating three new instrument technologies: a twodimensional array of high-operating temperature barri◗ the RainCube Experiment to develop, launch, and operer infrared detector material, a coaxial micro pulse tube
ate a 35.75-GHz radar payload on a 6-unit (6U) Cubecryocooler, and an MWIR grating spectrometer designed
Sat, validating a new architecture for Ka-band radars
to provide imaging spectroscopy for atmospheric soundand an ultra-compact deployable Ka-band antenna in a
ing in a CubeSat volume [42].
space environment [40]
◗ the Temporal Experiment for Storms and Tropical SysAIRBoRNe MIssIoNs
tems-Demonstrator, a 6U CubeSat, to reduce technolJPL's Earth Science Airborne Suborbital Instruments and Meaogy risk on millimeter-wavelength radiometers geared
surements Program supports missions ranging from uniquely
to cloud and precipitation processes [41]
march 2016
ieee Geoscience and remote sensing magazine
33
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