IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020 - 128
Louisiana coastal wetlands. The method of mosaicking interferograms from different paths limits our understanding
of 2h/2t continuity in wetlands [48]. This is because wetland
2h/2t has high temporal dynamics, and the interferograms
mosaicked from alternate paths are obtained at various
times, which usually results in a discontinuous 2h/2t pattern
for different satellite tracks. The application of ScanSAR with
a wide swath [48] has the potential to resolve the large-scale
problem in mapping wetland 2h/2t .
WETLAND-HYDROLOGY MONITORING
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
Spatially detailed InSAR 2h/2t maps enable investigations
of how flood water moves across wetlands. This analysis
is based on the theory of mass continuity; that is, the temporal changes in water levels should be equivalent to the
spatial changes in discharges, such that
2h/2t = -dQ, (10)
where Q is the discharge. Based on this theory, locations with
positive 2h/2t have more water flowing in than departing. If
there are no topographic barriers, the flow is directed toward
the locations with larger 2h/2t values. This theory was combined with InSAR-derived 2h/2t maps to understand water
flows through riverine wetlands whose flooding dynamics
are highly connected to river water-level changes. Alsdorf
et al. [9] found that the water flow in the Amazon wetlands was
more complex in space and time than assumed. During the
mid high-water-increasing season, 2h/2t is localized along
channel pathways, and water is dispersed from the channels
to adjacent wetlands that have lower water levels. During the
high-water season, 2h/2t shows a broad, smooth pattern,
and channels are not in evident control of it, as illustrated in
Figure 7. The flow changes from bathymetrically influenced
during the mid-high season to hydraulically controlled during the high-water season.
Jung et al. [15] used L-band JERS-1 repeat-pass InSAR
measurements to characterize the hydraulics in the Amazon and Congo River wetlands. The study revealed different hydraulic processes in the two areas through measurements of temporal water-level changes. The Amazon
River is highly interconnected to floodplain channels
where there are sharp hydraulic changes. However, the
∂h/88d
120
cm 180
(a)
(b)
62 W
3.5 S
10
∂h/44d
210
(c)
cm
0
270
m
70
km
4S
50
61 W
(d)
FIGURE 7. The spatially detailed water-level changes and water-flow direction in the Amazon wetlands, derived from InSAR and the mass-
continuity equation (from [9]). (a) The water-level change at the high-water stage. (b) The water-flow direction at the high-water stage.
(c) The water-level change at the mid-rising stage. (d) The water-flow direction at the mid-rising stage.
128
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
MARCH 2020
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020
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