IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020 - 24

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ERS-1 [ESA]
ERS-2 [ESA]
ENVISAT-ASAR [ESA]
Sentinel-1 [ESA]
TerraSAR-X [DLR]
TanDEM-X [DLR]
RadarSAT-1 [CSA]
RadarSAT-2 [CSA]
RadarSAT Constellation Mission [CSA]
ALOS-1 [JAXA]
ALOS-2 [JAXA]
COSMO-SkyMed [Italy]
GF-3 [China]

FIGURE 1. The SAR satellites mainly used as the source of time-series InSAR data. ESA: European Space Agency; DLR: German Aerospace
Center; JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; CSA: Canadian Space Agency.

8,000

250
200
150
100
50
0

Number of Citations

Number of Publications

300

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
(a)

6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2000

2005

2010
(b)

2015

2020

FIGURE 2. (a) The number of publications and (b) the number of citations annually that are
related to the time-series InSAR technique.

[21]-[24]. As a result, deformation is the most direct physical parameter used for describing their process. Estimating
the deformation signal and monitoring the deformation
process are very crucial and provide an important basis for
studying these geological activities. Concurrently, the study
of relevant deformation laws can provide an effective decision-making basis for the prediction and early warning of
related disasters.
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
We carried out a simple bibliometric analysis to illustrate
the development of the time-series InSAR technique in
the field. The results of this analysis were derived from an
24

advanced search of Web of Science.
Figure 2(a) displays the number of
publications annually related to the
time-series InSAR technique; the
number of citations is presented in
Figure 2(b). (Note that the statistics
include up to September 2019.) Every
year, dozens to hundreds of new articles appear, and the total number
of articles shows an increasing trend,
indicating that the field is very active.
It is predicted that future research in
this field will continue to rise.

PRINCIPLE
Figure 3 depicts a simple DInSAR
observation geometry. The sensor first imaged the target at S 1 and then at S 2, during which time the target
moved from P1 to P2. The interferometric phase is twice
the distance difference multiplied by the wavenumber
z = 4r/m $ (S 2 P2 - S 1 P1), and m is the radar wavelength.
z comprises multiple phase components, formulated
[2], [21] as
	

z = z flat + z dem + z def + z aps + z noise . (1)

z flat in (1) is the flat Earth phase component (also called the
reference plane phase) caused by the phase difference at different positions on the reference plane and is proportional
to the parallel baseline [25]
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE

MARCH 2020



IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020

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