IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020 - 62

3
2
1
0
-1
-2
400

600

-3

Deformation Values (mm)

2
Pixel A
Pixel B
Pixel C

1.5
1
0.5

and corresponds to a soil slope. The negative sign represents the direction close to the radar. Considering that the
soil slope was covered by dense vegetation in the experimental period, some small errors in the measurement results were unavoidable. Figure 30(b) shows the measurement curves of three representative pixels selected from
the monitoring scene. Pixels A and B are located in the
mine slope and C is located in the soil slope. Note that
in the monitoring period of 1.5 h no obvious deformations of the open-pit mine were measured. The open-pit
mine was not under construction during the experiment
period, and it has a stable slope with a low deformation
rate. Therefore, no obvious deformations were measured
in several hours. The measurement results achieved using
the MIMO-SAR system are credible.

0
2,500

-0.5
-1
-2

(a. u.)
1,400

2,000

-1.5
0

5

10
15
20
Image Number
(b)

25

1,200

1,500

30
Z (m)

Range (m)

C
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
A
800
B
700
600
500
400
300
-600 -400 -200
0
200
Azimuth (m)
(a)

1,000

1,000

800
500

FIGURE 30. The deformation measurement results. (a) A cumula-

600

0

tive deformation map and (b) the measurement curves of three
representative pixels [85].

400

-500
-5,000

200

0

0

00
1,

50

0

00

00

-5

,0

00
,5

-1

00

-1

,0

,5
-2

-2

00

0
X (m) 5,000
Y (m)

FIGURE 32. The amplitude radar image projected on the DEM of
the monitored area. The radar is positioned in (0, 0, 0) [92].

Coherence
-3,500
0.9

-3,000

0.8

(m)

-2,500

0.7

-2,000

0.6

-1,500

0.5
0.4

-1,000

0.3

-500

0.2

62

00
0

50
0

1,

(m)

0

00

-5

00
,0

00
,5

-1

-1

00
,0

,5

-2

with electronics; at right, a rail with the antenna; in the background, the monitored area of the Monte Rosa glacier affected
by frequent debris flow processes; at bottom right, the Belvedere
glacier [92].

-2

FIGURE 31. A view of the measuring apparatus. At left, the shelter

00

0

FIGURE 33. The coherence calculated for a one-day interval,

superimposed on a black-and-white amplitude image [92].
IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE

MARCH 2020



IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2020

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