IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 11

synthesizing with a moving platform and various characteristics
of the antenna.
Exist ing spaceborne EO SAR missions work in
a monostatic or quasi-monostatic configuration. The
simplest illumination mode of an SAR system is the
stripmap mode in which the antenna-pointing direction
is constant throughout the acquisition, as shown in Figure
3(a). The moving platform leads to a sliding Doppler
spectrum that impacts the complex SAR image. Knowing
the behavior of the Doppler centroid to create sublooks
is essential for exploiting the look angle diversity of the
input data, especially for very-high-resolution (VHR)
SAR images.
It is well known that, in a high-resolution SAR image
where the signals are performed over a broad bandwidth
and wide angular aperture, the targets are no longer isotropic
and nondispersive. Instead, it is more plausible to
infer that the target's backscattering is dependent on the
illumination angle and frequencies [17]. The subaperture
processing can be applied to analyze the target scattering
variations. Figure 3(b) gives an example of a synthesized
pseudocolor SAR image via subaperture processing. The
Physical Models and Principles of SAR
SAR
Platform
Polarization
Incident Angle
Wavelength
Image Formation
Rg/Az FFT and IFFT
Focused
Image
Shape
Dielectric
Roughness
Terrain/Object
(LULC, Object, etc.)
Deep Neural
Network
PredictionImage Data
Data-Driven Learning Paradigm
(a)
Illumination Direction
Direct Scattering
Double Bouncing
Triple/Five Path Scattering
Height
Bridge
2
1
3
SAR Image
(b)
Optical Image
(c)
FIGURE 2. (a) The conventional data-driven paradigm for intelligent SAR image understanding based on deep neural networks and the proposed
paradigm shift integrated and interacts with physical knowledge of SAR. (b) A bridge can be imaged as multiple bright lines, similar
to a couple of bridges imaged in the other SAR image, depending on the observation parameters and orientations. This positions the load
and outmost difficulty of SAR image understanding. (c) The multipath scattering formation in the SAR image. Rg: range; Az: azimuth; IFFT:
inverse fast Fourier transform; LULC: land use and land cover; SLC: single look complex; GRD: ground range detected.
MARCH 2023 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
11
(SLC, GRD, etc.)
Causality
Scattering Analysis
1-2-3-2-1
1-2-1
Range
Azimuth
Radar Path

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023

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