IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 9

areas, such as urbanization, agriculture, forestry, geology,
tectonics, oceanography, polar surveys, or biomass estimation,
to enumerate only a few. The Copernicus Open
Access Hub provides more than 457.59 PB data of satellites
covering Earth for more than 570,000 users all around
the world [77].
SAR is a pioneer technology in the field of computational
sensing and imaging, and its imaging mechanism
is totally different from that of optical sensors. A radar instrument
carried by an airborne or spaceborne platform
illuminates the scene by side looking or forward looking,
which allows it to discriminate objects in the range direction.
As the platform moves along its track, the SAR
sensor is constantly transmitting a sequence of chirp signals
and receiving echoes reflected from objects on the
ground, as depicted in Figure 1. When recording all individual
acquisitions with a short physical antenna and
mathematically combining them into a synthetic image,
a much larger synthesized aperture is formed. This allows
high capacity to distinguish objects in azimuth despite a
physically small antenna [1]. A high-resolution " image "
MARCH 2023 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
can be processed by applying an SAR focusing principle,
e.g., matching filtering [2].
A deluge of SAR sensors have increased the data availability
for various SAR applications. The allure of data-driven
learning stems from the ability to automatically extract abstract
features from large data volumes [3], [4], [5], [6], and,
therefore, many deep learning studies for SAR applications
have been developed in recent years [7], [8], [9], [10]. The
current popular paradigm predominantly follows the blue
part in Figure 2(a), where SAR image data are all that is required
to operate an intelligent network. In addition to data,
however, the physical model and principles of SAR sensors
should not be neglected. In the upper example of Figure 2(b),
a bridge over a placid river that is illuminated perpendicular
to its primary orientation appears as many brilliant lines,
resembling the lower SAR image in which several bridges
are imaged from a different viewing angle. The phenomenon
can be explained by multipath scattering [11], [12], as
illustrated in Figure 2(c). Apart from the direct scattering
from the bridge, the double-bounce reflection between the
bridge and water or vice versa occurs at the corner reflector
9
ASI/NASA/JPL-CALTECH

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023

Contents
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - Contents
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 2
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 3
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 4
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 5
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 6
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 7
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 8
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 9
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 10
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 11
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 12
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 13
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 14
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 15
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 16
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 17
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 18
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 19
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 20
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 21
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 22
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 23
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 24
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 25
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 26
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 27
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 28
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 29
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 30
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 31
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 32
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 33
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 34
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 35
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 36
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 37
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 38
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 39
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 40
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 41
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 42
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 43
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 44
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 45
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 46
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 47
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 48
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 49
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 50
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 51
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 52
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 53
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 54
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 55
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 56
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 57
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 58
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 59
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 60
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 61
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 62
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 63
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 64
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 65
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 66
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 67
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 68
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 69
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 70
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 71
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 72
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 73
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 74
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 75
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 76
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 77
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 78
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 79
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 80
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 81
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 82
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 83
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 84
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 85
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 86
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 87
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 88
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 89
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 90
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 91
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 92
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 93
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 94
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 95
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 96
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 97
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 98
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 99
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 100
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 101
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 102
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 103
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 104
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 105
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 106
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 107
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 108
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 109
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 110
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 111
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 112
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 113
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 114
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 115
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - 116
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - March 2023 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2018
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_december2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_september2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_june2013
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/geoscience_march2013
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com