IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2021 - 126

ESTARFM
STITFM
STTFN
Actual LSTs
°C
50
40
30
20
(a)
°C
25
20
15
10
5
(b)
FIGURE 10. Examples of the fusion results from different methods and the actual Landsat LSTs of the predictions on (a) 24 June 2011 for
area 1 and (b) 26 February 2017 for area 2.
[50], [105], [116]. However, correction of the inconsistency
is essential when spatiotemporal LST fusion is conducted
over a large area.
MODELING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
OBSERVED COARSE-FINE IMAGE PAIRS
LSTs change rapidly in space as well as time owing to the
heterogeneity of the land surface and changes in the surface
type. Modeling the relationship between observed coarse-
fine LST image pairs for spatiotemporal fusion algorithms
is very challenging. In some weighted function-based LST
fusion [17], [100]-[103] and hybrid methods [50], [105], it
is assumed that the output LST product can be expressed by
a linear or simple nonlinear combination of inputs, which
might not be appropriate if complex nonlinear temporal
changes in LST are present.
Although some mathematical or physical models (i.e.,
TABLE 5. A QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION FOR AREAS 1 AND 2 AND THE COMPUTATION
EFFICIENCY COMPARISON FOR AREA 1.
ESTARFM
AREA
Area 1
Area 2
RMSE (°C)
2.59
1.58
Training time (s) -
Predicting time (s) 718
Total time (s)
718
Values in bold represent the best qualitative scores.
STITFM
SSIM RMSE (°C) SSIM
0.955 2.75
0.952 2.03
-
155
155
0.872
0.949
STTFN
RMSE (°C)
1.55
1.08
170
8
178
ATC) have been designed to address the effect of temporal
variations of LST [104], [105], these theoretical approaches
are not always suitable because LST can be a highly changeable
variable [116]. Moreover, the unmixing-based methods
build a linear mixing equation system for linking the LST
pixels in coarse and fine images even though LST is not
linearly additive. Existing studies show that using a linear
mixing model to link LST data at different
scales might not introduce significant
errors; thus, some existing methods also

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2021

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