IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2022 - 88

and deep ocean conditions from sea surface data. Various parameters
and information for subsurface and interior oceans
can be reconstructed and detected from sea surface data, including
3D field water properties and states (e.g., temperature,
salinity, ocean velocity, and so on) and subsurface (interior)
ocean processes and phenomena (e.g., IWs and internal
tides, subsurface flows and eddies, and so forth).
The key to DORS is to establish a model connecting
subsurface ocean with ocean surface data, and it can
be achieved through dynamics-based and data-driven
approaches and their combinations Dynamics-based
approaches can provide explicit physical
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J. T. Overpeck, G. A. Meehl, S. Bony, and D. R. Easterling, " Climate
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interpretation,
but they cannot be applied when the physical relations
are not fully understood. Data-driven methods
can work as long as enough sample data are available,
but they are less physically understandable. The combination
of data-driven and dynamics-based techniques
can take the advantages from both sides, although more
prior knowledge and data are required.
Despite the fruitful results that have been achieved, many
more DORS studies need to be conducted in the future.
More efforts are needed to extend the DORS objective, such
as more variables and higher resolution, and to integrate dynamics-
and data-driven models, among which DL will play
an increasingly important role. Overall, DORS studies can
support ocean science investigations by substantially enlarging
oceanic data and providing new insights into ocean
dynamics. They are also interesting interdisciplinary studies
involving ocean dynamics, RS, big data, and ML.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program
of China (grant 2019YFA0606702) and National Natural
Science Foundation of China (grants 91858202, 41630963,
and 41776003). Xiao-Hai Yan was supported by the National
Science Foundation (grant IIS-2123264) and NASA (grant
80NSSC20M0220). He is the corresponding author.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Lingsheng Meng (lsmeng@udel.edu) is with the State Key
Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean
and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China,
and the College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA.
Xiao-Hai Yan (xiaohai@udel.edu) is with the College of
Earth, Ocean, and Environment and the Joint Center for
Remote Sensing, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware,
19716, USA.
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IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2022
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