IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2022 - 97
Generally,
the interferometric phase ()T{
pressed as follows:
T{=+ ++ + n
m R0 sini
44 4r
B<
r
m
where m is the wavelength; R0
and B=
r
B f
=
m
d {{Losatm
,
(1)
is the slant range distance;
i represents the incidence angle; f is the topographic
elevation; B<
spatial baseline, respectively; and dLos
formation along the line of sight (LOS) during the period
of the SAR image pair. The first term of (1) is the phase
component of the reference Earth surface. The second
component is the topographic phase related to the elevation,
and it is proportional to the perpendicular baseline
and topographic elevation. The third component is the
deformation phase component. ATM
delay component, and n
{
are the parallel and perpendicular
is the ground decan
be exin
the case of a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [26].
The PSs often refer to those points to maintain stable
scattering properties over a long time in SAR images,
such as artificial buildings, rocks, roads, and bridges.
In the permafrost region, PSI is employed to observe
the long-term subsidence of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
(QTR) [48], [49]. Except for PSI, other time-series InSAR
techniques, such as interferometric point target analysis
(IPTA) [50], the Stanford Method for PS (StaMPS) [22],
spatiotemporal unwrapping networks [51], and PS pair
interferometry [52], are proposed for deformation analysis
based on PS.
For nonurban areas, the PSI method fails due to the inis
the atmospheric
{ is the systematic error phase. By
removing the topographic phase, the deformation phase
of the ground can be obtained, which is also known as
differential InSAR (DInSAR). The deformation phase can
be unwrapped using the PU method, and the ground deformation
long LOS is obtained. More details about the
InSAR principle can be found in [21].
DInSAR is suitable for detecting large-scale deformations,
such as seismic deformation and volcano inflation
and deflation [21], [41]. DInSAR had also been applied
for the winter frost heaving of the AL of arctic permafrost
in the early stages when it was proposed [42], and the results
showed the potential for ground deformation monitoring
over permafrost regions using DInSAR. Subsequently,
researchers have gradually conducted studies on
permafrost ground deformation monitoring using DInSAR
technology [43], [44]. However, the ground surface
scattering of the permafrost region changes significantly
due to seasonal climate variations and land cover changes,
which usually contribute to serious spatial-temporal
[45] and atmospheric delays [46], affecting the accuracy
of the deformation estimation in permafrost regions using
DInSAR.
TIME-SERIES InSAR
To overcome the limitations of conventional DInSAR,
such as spatial and temporal decoherence and atmospheric
delay [47], time-series InSAR technologies are
proposed. It explores the phase signal only from the
points with stable scattering properties. According to the
type of the stable points, the time-series InSAR methods
can be classified into methods based on PSs, CPs, and
distributed scatterers (DSs).
Ferretti et al. [26] first proposed the permanent scatterer
(PS) InSAR method for point targets, which is the
most popular time-series InSAR used. The amplitude
dispersion index method is used to identify the PS, assuming
that the phase stability of the pixel could be determined
by the statistical information of its amplitude
SEPTEMBER 2022 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
ability to obtain sufficiently dense PS. The SBAS-InSAR
method was developed to obtain
the ground displacement
information in nonurban areas
[27]. To improve the coherence
of the distributed target,
on the one hand, small spatial
and temporal baseline strategies
are adopted to reduce the
influence of decolorization;
on the other hand, it further
improves the SNR of the coherence
target by multilooking
and filtering processing
in the InSAR preprocessing.
SBAS-InSAR is the most commonly used time-series InSAR
technique in plateau monitoring applications.
Since the second general PSI technology SqueeSAR
was proposed in 2011 [53], more research has focused
on DS interferometry (DSI) [54]. Different from the PS,
DSs are these targets sharing the same behavior, which
often refers to soil areas and noncultivated land with
sparse vegetation. The key processes of DSI are the identifications
of DS and phase estimation. To improve the
density of monitoring points, PSs and DSs are usually
jointly processed.
At present, the DSI technique mainly involves the following
types of analysis, such as maximum likelihood
analysis [55], SqueeSAR [53], CAESAR [54], the integer
least-squares method [56], and extended minimum cost
flow-small baseline subset [57]. The DSI has also been used
to monitor permafrost ground deformation [58]. More details
about time-series InSAR can be found in [59], [60].
At present, time-series InSAR methods were successfully
applied in permafrost ground deformation and parameter
retrieval [61], [62].
THE APPLICATION OF THE InSAR TECHNIQUE
IN PERMAFROST MONITORING
Permafrost degradation cannot be directly observed from
spaceborne satellites because it lies underground. However,
the dynamic change and degradation of permafrost can be reflected
indirectly in surface characteristic changes (Figure 3),
97
InSAR COULD OBTAIN
TOPOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION AND
GROUND DEFORMATION BY
ANALYZING THE PHASE
INFORMATION OF
DIFFERENT SAR IMAGES.
IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2022
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