IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2023 - 83

a panchromatic image. Due to the resolution difference
between panchromatic and multispectral sensors, pansharpening
is an exciting topic in remote sensing as it
can provide a means to obtain higher-resolution data
without better sensor technology. We select the Proba-V,
PAirMax, and WorldStrat datasets as examples to showcase
the peculiarities of datasets designed for that particular
application.
1) Proba-V [57] is the earliest dataset available for superresolution
[35] as Figure 1 shows (Table 2; 318).
This dataset contains radiometrically and geometrically
corrected Top-Of-Atmosphere reflectances in
Plate Carre projection from the PROBA-V mission
of the European Space Agency (Figure 21). The RED
and near-infrared (NIR) spectral band data at 300 m
and 100 m resolution are collected for 74 selected
regions across the globe. Superresolution might be
affected by the presence of pixels with clouds, cloud
shadows, and ice/snow cover. Therefore, this dataset
contains a quality map indicating pixels affected by
clouds that should not be considered for superresolution.
The dataset contains one 100 m resolution
image and several 300 m resolution images of the
same scene.
2) PAirMax [58] is a recently published (Table 2; 319 and
324) yet popular dataset for pansharpening. It contains
14 multispectral and panchromatic image pairs from
six sensors on board satellite constellations of Maxar
Technologies and Airbus
[36]. As seen in Figure 22,
most of the images are acquired
over urban areas,
highlighting several challenges
for pansharpening
(such as high-contrast features
and adjacent regions
with different spectral
features). The work [36]
also discusses the best
practices to be followed in preparing high-quality, full,
and reduced-resolution images for pansharpening
applications. In this dataset, the panchromatic band
has 4 × 4-times-more pixels than the multispectral
bands. The multispectral bands are near the visible
infrared region. The dataset also contains nine reduced-resolution
test cases per Wald's protocol.
3) WorldStrat [59] is a recently introduced dataset for superresolution
[37] and the largest in terms of volume
CD IS A POPULAR TASK IN
EO AS IT FOSTERS
MONITORING
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
THROUGH ARTIFICIAL OR
NATURAL PHENOMENA.
HR
LR000
LR001
LR002
. . .
LR014
SM
QM000
QM001
QM002
. . .
QM014
HR
LR000
LR001
LR002
. . .
LR025
SM
QM000
QM001
QM002
. . .
QM025
FIGURE 21. Sample images from the Proba-V dataset. Each sample consists of one high-resolution (HR) and several low-resolution (LR)
images, each with a quality map (QM) showing which pixels are concealed (e.g., through clouds and so on).
SEPTEMBER 2023 IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING MAGAZINE
83
Red
Red
NIR
NIR

IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine - September 2023

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