IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 105

capacitively coupled links [24], [37]. The top metal
layer and the silicon substrate of the miniaturized
tag then act as capacitor electrodes that couple to the
corresponding reader electrodes. Manufacturing tags
with this technique reduces costs compared to manufacturing tags with on-chip coils because the multiple
windings of on-chip coils lead to higher manufacturing costs as a result of the additional metal layers and
vias required [24].

Each miniaturized RFID tag class has its own specific advantages and drawbacks, as discussed in
the following.

Conventional RFID Tags
A > 200 mm2

State of the Art and Classification
As Table 1 suggests, analyzing the state of the art for
miniaturized RFID tags in terms of tag size (i.e., tag
area cross-section A) presents the following three classes
(see Figure 5):
* conventional RFID tags with a tag size greater
than 200 mm2
* coil-on-module (CoM) and coil-on-system (CoS)
tags, respectively, with a tag size of 200 mm 2
down to 2 mm2
* coil-on-chip (CoC) and on-chip capacitive coupling (OC3) tags, respectively, with a tag size of
about 1 mm2.

Tags
2 mm2 < A < 200 mm2
CoS/OC3 Tags
A~1 mm2

Figure 5. Three classes of RFID tags based on size, i.e., in
terms of their tag area cross-section A. (Top image courtesy
of Lunghammer, TU Graz.)

TABle 1. A summary of state-of-the-art miniaturized HF/UHF RFID tags (listed according the years when the
prototypes were first published).
Year

Reference

Class

Technology

Tag Area (mm2)

Frequency (MHz)

Read Range
(mm)

Protocol

1997

[51]

CoC

500-nm CMOS

4

4.9152

-

-

2001

[52]

CoC

250-nm CMOS

1.5

13.56

-

[7]

2003

[37]

OC3

180-nm CMOS

0.09

2450

-

-

2006

[18], [49],
[57], [58]

CoC

130-nm CMOS
and postprocessing

0.5

2450

0.5

-

2007

[26], [59]

CoC

180-nm CMOS

0.6552

900

4

-

2009

[30]-[32]

CoC

180-nm CMOS

1

900

10

[21]

2011

[60]

CoC

120-nm CMOS

9

13.56

1.5

-

2011

[40], [41]

CoM

Impinj Monza5 IC
and epoxy resin

6.25

920

10

[21]

2012

[33]

CoC

180-nm CMOS

16

915

13

-

2012

[42], [43]

CoM

LTCC

10.24

13.56

15

[20]

2013

[61]

CoC

130-nm CMOS

1

868

5

[21]

2013

[56]

CoC

130-nm CMOS

1

13.56

2

[7]

2014

[24]

OC3

130 nm CMOS

1

13.56, 868

0.2, 0.4

[7], [21]

2014

[12]

CoS

eWLB

20.16

13.56

11

[7]

2014

[23]

CoC

130-nm CMOS

1.32

13.56, 868

2.5, 4.4

[7], [21]

2015

[53], [62]

CoC

180-nm CMOS

0.36

900

2

Based on [21]

2016

[45]

CoM

LTCC

10.24

13.56

12

[7]

2016

[46]

CoM

LTCC

2.5

866.5

7.8

[21]

2016

[63]

CoC

65-nm CMOS

0.04 (coil)

2000

1.1

-

2016

[39]

CoM

eWLB

9

13.56

-

[7]

2016

[64]

CoC

65-nm CMOS

0.01 (coil)

4700

1.2

-

September/October 2018

105



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