IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 18

was "equivocal evidence" for the same
schwannoma risk among female rats.
The panel also noted that there were
unusual patterns of cardiomyopathy, or
damage to heart tissue, in both RF-exposed male and female rats when compared with concurrent control animals.
In addition, based on statistical significance, the panel concluded that the
pathology findings showed indications
of "some evidence" for RF-dependent
carcinogenic activity in the brain of male
rats, specifically glioma. However, the
findings for female rats were deemed as
providing only "equivocal evidence" for
malignant gliomas when compared with
concurrent controls.
The NTP uses five categories of evidence for carcinogenic activity to classify the strength of evidence observed
in their reports: "clear evidence" and
"some evidence" for positive findings;
"equivocal evidence" for uncertain re-

sults; "no evidence" for no observable effects; and "inadequate study" for results
that cannot be evaluated because of major experimental flaws.

RF Exposure in Large
Reverberation Chambers
The so-called reverberation chamber (RC) method and technology were
employed for RF exposure. The exposure regime included 10-min on and 10min off for 19 h/day for two years. Rats
were exposed to cell-phone RF radiation
for a total of 9 h each day. Whole-body
average-RF specific absorption rates
(SARs) of 0, 1.5, 3, or 6 W/kg did not
raise the body temperature of the exposed animals more than 1 °C. The
study was successful in providing maximum uniformity of exposure. In particular, the reported local SARs in the
brains and hearts of the rats were only
1.05 and 2.27 times the whole-body

average SARs, respectively. Indeed,
most tissue and organs inside the rats'
bodies had experienced similar SARs
from RF exposure.
The NTP cell-phone RF exposure
study is, by far, the largest study of
its kind [5]. It was expensive and time
consuming, and there may even have
been better ways to perform the study.
Nevertheless, it highlights that prolonged exposure to RF radiation at,
or a little above, currently existing RF
exposure regulation levels could lead
to tumor development.
The current RF exposure guidelines
of 1.6 or 2.0 W/kg are promulgated
with a reduction factor of 50 as a safety
margin for the general public and to
provide protection against presumed
hazardous biological effects in humans
[5], [6]. The finding that RF exposure
could lead to dose-dependent cancer
development at levels that are the same

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Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018

Contents
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 1
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 2
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - Contents
IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 4
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IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - Cover3
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