IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 86

* Antenna system design: The antenna system should
be taken into account from the very early stages,
as an inappropriate design will inadvertently
lead to short communication range, low reliability,
high human-body absorption, and poor energy efficiency (quickly draining batteries).
* Energy autonomy: Autonomous operation should
be pursued by minimizing losses (such as leakage
currents and cable losses), increasing the available power by incorporating dedicated energy
harvesters, and intelligently exploiting the available power (improving power efficiency). During this process, conventional batteries (and the
related issues and dangers) should be eliminated.
* Stochastic tools: Such tools should be included to
incorporate the impact of production uncertainties [50], substrate bending [51], and compression
[47] efficiently rather than overspecifying design
requirements, as in [52].

From Circuit to Wearables:
Fabrication and Realization
The fundamental difference between wearable and
conventional electronic systems lies not in their functionality or applications but in the way they are realized and the environment in which they operate.
Common manufacturing techniques for electronic
circuits fall short, fueling the development of innovative approaches for realizing wearable (microwave) systems.

Selection of Suitable Wearable Dielectrics
The range of nonconductive (dielectric) textiles is very
wide. From natural fabrics such as wool to woven
polyester cloth, many are already found in body-worn
garments. Yet few are suitable for wearable microwave
systems. A wise material selection is a crucial step in
the design process. Table 1 shows the dielectric properties of some common textile materials. Due to the

or Localization
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ol
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h

tra
Ul

Data Processing Unit

Power Supply

Interconnections

w
id
eBa
nd
Lo
ca
liza
tion

erg

Sensors and Actuators

En

io
ad
e-R
uls
Imp

y-H
arv
esti
ng T
echniq
ues

T
WP

Identifica
tion
and
Da
taCa
ptu
rin
g

Te
c

...

Wireless Communication Unit

N
WS

Figure 1. The architecture of a smart wearable system with its key enabling technologies.

86

September/October 2018



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018

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