IEEE Microwave Magazine - September/October 2018 - 87
presence of air, the permittivity of textiles is quite low
compared to typical RF laminates.
Material Characterization: Speed
Versus Accuracy
Many characterization methods have been developed,
and the essential tools can be classified into two
categories: destructive and nondestructive methods.
Techniques relying on resonator or transmission line
measurements, as shown in Figure 4, fall into the former category. The test structures are realized on the
material under test (MUT). A straightforward vector
network analyzer measurement yields the scattering
parameters of the circuit, from which the relevant material properties can easily be extracted. Simplicity and
reliability are the obvious strengths of these methods.
Moreover, the method can be implemented in the same
transmission line technology [e.g., microstrip or substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)] as the microwave
The deployment in new application
areas requires conformal devices with
extended functionality, operating
with significantly reduced energy
consumption.
components in the final product. However, for testing
large batches, this method becomes very labor intensive. An additional downside is its destructive nature,
i.e., the measured sample cannot be used later in the
manufacturing process. Thus, one can only assume that
the substrate used in the actual wearable exhibits properties identical to those of the test substrate (or that variability in material characteristics remains small).
A nondestructive method capable of testing large
numbers of samples is shown in Figure 5. The MUT is
Wireless Functions
- Independent of Human Body
Morphology
- Stable Under Adverse Conditions
(e.g., Bending, Compression, etc.)
- ...
User Comfort
- Flexible
- No Additional Weight
- Freedom of Movement
- Minimal Battery
Recharging
- No Long, Rigid Cables
- ...
Safety
- Compliant to SAR Limits
- No Dangerous,
Bulky Batteries
- No Drained Batteries in
Critical Applications
- ...
Design
Requirements
System Autonomy
- Power-Efficient Operation
- Low Power Consumption
- Minimal Recharging
- ...
Aesthetics
- Fashionable
- No Protruding Components
(e.g., Antenna)
- No Bulky Components
(e.g., Batteries)
- ...
Figure 2. The complex set of design requirements imposed on next-generation smart wearable electronic systems.
September/October 2018
87
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