IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2018 - 36

10

140
28 GHz

60 GHz

Above 80 GHz
Pout (mW)

Data Rate (Gb/s)

120
100
80

BLE/Zigbee
0.1

60
40

0
2009

2011

2013
2015
Year

2017

Per-Pin
Transfer Rate (GT/s)

MICS

20
BLE/Zigbee
15

1

10

64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0.5
0.25
2000

100

Normalized Pdc (nJ/b)

2018
2015
2010
Commercial

2017
2013
2009
2015

2016
2012
2008
2014

Figure 11: Ultralow-power 2.4-GHz and MICS-band wireless
receiver sensitivity trends.

to synchronization, enabling long battery life in wireless sensor nodes. For
higher-data-rate applications, frequency-dependent in-phase/quadrature calibration is used in a wireless
local area network (LAN) to support
IEEE 802.11ax.
Figure 10 shows mm-wave wireless-data-rate trends over the past
ten years. Figure 11 shows ultralowpower 2.4-GHz and Medical Implant
Communication Service (MICS)-band
wireless receiver sensitivity trends,
and Figure 12 shows ultralow-power
2.4-GHz and MICS-band wireless
transmitter efficiency trends. Because
many different techniques are used to

36

W I n t E r 2 0 18

2013
2014

2012
2013

2008

2004

2008
Year

PCIe
QPI/KTI
HT
SATA

SAS
USB
DDR
GDDR

2012

2016

CEI
Fiber Channel
HDMI
DP

Figure 13: Per-pin data rate versus year for a variety of common
I/O standards. PCIe: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express;
QPI/KTI: QuickPath Interconnect/Keizer Technology Interconnect;
HT: HyperTransport; SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment;
SAS: Serial Attached SCSI; USB: universal serial bus; GDDR: graphics
DDR; CEI: common electrical I/O; HDMI: High-Definition Multimedia
Interface; DP: DisplayPort.

design the circuits, there is significant
scatter in the graphs. However, in all
cases, the arrows show the desired
trend directions.

Communication Systems: Wireline
Subcommittee Chair: Frank
O'Mahony, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon
Over the past decade, wireline input/
output (I/O) has enabled the remarkable
scaling of computer systems both large
and small, ranging from supercomputers to handheld electronics. During this
time, aggregate I/O bandwidth requirements have increased at a rate of approximately two-to-three times every two

IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE

2015
2015

100,000

Figure 12: Ultralow-power 2.4-GHz and MICS-band wireless
transmitter efficiency trends.

30

10
0.1

1,000
10,000
Normalized Pdc (pJ/b)
2018 2017
Commercial

2019

Figure 10: Wireless mm-wave data-rate trends.

25

MICS

0.01
100

20

Normalized Sensitivity (dB)

1

years. Demand for bandwidth has been
driven by applications such as memory
expansion, graphics, chip-to-chip fabric,
backplane, rack-to-rack, and LANs.
In part, this demand has been met by
expanding the number of I/O pins per
component. As a result, I/O circuitry
consumes an increasing amount of area
and power on today's chips. However,
increasing bandwidth has also been
enabled by rapidly accelerating the
per-pin data rate. Figure 13 shows that
per-pin data rate has approximately
doubled every four years across a
diverse variety of I/O standards, ranging
from double data rate (DDR) to graphics to high-speed Ethernet.



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2018

Contents
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2018 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2018 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine - Winter 2018 - Contents
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