IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019 - 57
signals, degrading both the voltage
and timing margins. To make matters
worse, self-generated noise (i.e., SSO
noise) is proportional to signal amplitude, and attempting to overcome it
with even larger signal amplitude is
futile. This large self-generated noise
degrades link reliability because it
alters the operating behavior of the
circuitry in a nonlinear way. Another
proportional noise source, which is a
problem for all densely routed SE links
operating above a few gigabytes per
second, is crosstalk. Overall, it is the
combination of these issues that creates a signaling environment where
conventional SE links exhibit poor
energy efficiency.
GRS, shown in Figure 3(a), uses a
current-mode Tx with shunt resistance (R TX) to provide a back-match to
the channel and a termination resistor
(R TERM) connected to ground at the
Rx [4]. GRS avoids many of the challenges associated with SE signaling,
beginning with the reference voltage
needed at the Rx to recover data from
the line signal. Because the ground
network is typically the lowest impedance network in a system and the only
voltage that everyone agrees on, it is
used as the GRS voltage reference, as
illustrated in Figure 3(b). This eliminates the need for generating a precisely matched reference at the Rx
that tracks the implied reference at
the Tx. In addition, the low impedance
of the ground network limits the reference voltage difference between the
ends of the link because the ground
network leverages more than half
of the metal resources dedicated to
power distribution in a typical system
and often as much as 60-70% of PDN
resources. Because ground is used
as the signal reference, the GRS Tx
drives currents into the line to create
a voltage that toggles symmetrically
+V
0V
-V
Line
TxDAT
iTx
+
-
RTERM
RTx
RxDAT
CEXT +
-
CINT
VDD
GND
(a)
Signal
+VAMP
TxDAT
+
-
iTx
RTx
GND
0V
Line
RxDAT
-VAMP
CINT
CEXT +-
VDD
RTERM
GND
(b)
+V
0V
-V
Line
TxDAT
iTx
RTx
+
-
RTERM
RxDAT
CINT
CEXT +
- VDD
CINT
+ V
CEXT -
DD
GND
(c)
+V
0V
-V
Line
TxDAT
iTx
+
-
RTERM
RTx
RxDAT
GND
(d)
FIGURE 3: (a) The ground-referenced SE link, (b) the ground as the reference voltage, (c) the ground as the only signal return path, and (d) the
constant current to eliminate SSO noise.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
S P R I N G 2 0 19
57
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019
Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2019 - 2
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