IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2019 - 43
Unraveling the Brain
With High-Density
CMOS Neural Probes
Tackling the challenges of neural interfacing
Carolina Mora Lopez
M
ost of us take
for granted the
complex functions that our
brains perform
every day to enable us to think, move,
and sense, but there are many diseases and disorders that affect them
and lead to their partial or total loss.
According to the World Health Organization, approximately 1.3 billion
people worldwide are visually impaired (in 2018), more than 466 million people have disabling hearing
impairment (2019), over 10 million
people live with Parkinson's disease
(2018), roughly 50 million people have
epilepsy (2019), and nearly 50 million
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2019.2939338
Date of current version: 18 November 2019
1943-0582/19©2019IEEE
people live with dementia (2019) (see
Figure 1). Those numbers, a high percentage of which correspond to developing countries, are expected to grow
rapidly in the coming years. In 2017,
the estimated annual cost of the major
neurological diseases reached US$800
billion in the United States alone [1],
which clearly indicates that they are
rapidly becoming a major financial
burden to healthcare in our society.
Due to the significant knowledge
gaps about the functional mechanisms underlying neurological disorders, currently available treatments
are either ineffective or not curative.
That is why neuroscientists around
the world are actively involved in the
study of diverse aspects of the human brain: they want to unravel the
biggest mysteries affecting the global
population. How can we, as electronics engineers, help neuroscientists
with such an important task? We can
contribute to the development of
more advanced brain-interfacing devices for neural recording and stimulation by using CMOS technology.
Neural electrical stimulation refers to the application of electric
pulses through conducting electrodes placed on the surface of or inside the brain, while neural recording
is the direct electrical measurement
of neural activity (for example, cellular potential changes) via conducting
electrodes placed in the vicinity of
the relevant neural networks. In recent years, we have seen research on
the design of chips that can interface
directly with the brain to target three
specific goals:
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
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43
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2019
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2019
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