IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - 23

communication distances and supportable bandwidth for relatively
long distances. Given an attenuation
constant, the signal transmission
distance and the bandwidth face a
direct tradeoff and satisfy the classical relationship as

Energy
Efficiency (pJ/b)

Bandwidth
Density
(Gb/s/mm)

Cost (US$/Gb/s)

SNR = S - N - aL - 10 log ^∆f h dB,
S - N - SNR - 10 log ^∆f h
m, (1)
a

where S is the signal strength out of
the transmitter; N is the noise floor
density referred at the receiver input;
a is the channel attenuation constant; L is the channel length; SNR
is the target SNR for a given system
specification, such as the BER; and
∆f is the required signal bandwidth.
Given existing silicon-based electronic system capabilities, some practical specifications are assumed as
1)	the signal strength after the transmitter S = 0 dB referenced to
1 mW (dBm)
2)	the noise floor density at the receiver input N = -164 dBm/Hz by
assuming a noise figure (NF) of
10 dB
3)	the target SNR = 15 dB for a BER
of 10 −12.
With the assumed system specific at ion s, Fig u r e 3 do c u ment s
the communication distance versus
the channel attenuation constant.
For example, an onboard metallic
transmission line has an attenuation constant of >1 dB/in at 8 GHz, ex--
trapolating >100 dB/m across 100 GHz
[23] and limiting the communication
distance to fewer than 0.5 m.
Apparently, the key to extending the transmission distance is to
reduce the channel loss. Low-loss
media with an attenuation constant
of <1 dB/m for THz signals have been
investigated for the past decade [24]-
[29], and a good review is conducted
in [30]. Integrated systems with lowloss media are also developed, such
as a plastic waveguide based on a
4-Gb/s link across 4 m [31], [32], a
foam-cladded polymer microwave
fiber based on a 140-GHz link [33],

Latency (ps)

BER (10-n )
OI
EI
Sub-THz/THz Interconnect
(a)

nd
ra
nte m
:
e
k
C
ter
ata nd: > Cen
d
r
a
o
m
Inte Bey radat 0s m
s
m
Int 10
10
:
<1
ck
:
:
a
ip
rd
rr
te
oa erch cm
b
In
r
t
te
In <10
ip:
In
Ch m
n
m
O 0
<2

OI
Sub-THz/THz
Interconnect

EI

(b)
FIGURE 2: (a) The key interconnect performance for different approaches in the range of
0.1-10 m. (b) The sub-THz/THz interconnect holds the potential to complement the EI and OI to
address this challenging reach range. 10s m: multiple meters.

50
Communication Distance (m)

	L =

40

30

20

10

0
100

101
Attenuation Constant (dB/m)

FIGURE 3: Communication distance versus channel attenuation constant to meet an SNR
requirement of 15 dB, with the assumed system specifications.

	 IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE	

FA L L 2 0 2 0	

23



IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2020 - Contents
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