IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 46

FR1
FR2
<1 GHz
United States
Europe
China
Korea
Japan
1 35 724262830373941434748
(GHz)
(a)
5G FR2 Band
N257
N258
N259
N260
N261
Uplink/Downlink (GHz)
TDD 26.5 - 29.5
TDD 24.25 - 27.5
TDD 39.5 - 43.5
TDD 37.0 - 40.0
TDD 27.5 - 28.35
(b)
FIGURE 2: (a) The spectra allocation for 5G in various countries. (b) 5G mm-wave frequency bands from the latest 5G NR standard (3GPP TS
38.101). TDD: time duplexing division.
l/Q
LNA Mixer BB Filter VGA
A
D
0°
90°
fRF = 24.25~29.5 GHz
37~43.5 GHz
PA
l/Q BB Filter VGA
Mixer
(a)
l/Q
LNA RF Mixer
2/3fRF
fRF = 24.25~29.5 GHz
37~43.5 GHz
PA RF Mixer
(b)
FIGURE 3: (a) An LO generated in a 28/39-GHz homodyne transceiver and (b) in a sliding-IF
Rx. LNA: low-noise amplifier; I/Q: in-phase/in-quadrature; BB: baseband; VGA: variable
gain amplifier; A: analog; D: digital; T/R: transmit/receive; PA: power amplifier; RF: radio
frequency; IF: intermedium frequency.
46
FALL 2021
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
IF Mixer BB Filter VGA
A
D
1/3fRF
÷ 2
÷ 2
2/3fRF
PLL
A
D
l/Q BB Filter VGA
IF Mixer
IOUT
QOUT
IOUT
QOUT
fRF
PLL
A
D
IOUT
QOUT
IOUT
QOUT
the PLL or oscillator usually operates
at multiple times the carrier frequency
and then is divided by two to generate
quadrature LOs for image rejection
mixers. Using divide-by-two to obtain
quadrature LOs consumes less power
and chip area compared to a quadrature
oscillator and a polyphase quadrature
filter. However, this approach
cannot be easily applied to mm-wave
bands, as the required oscillator frequency
will be ~60 GHz or higher.
The situation improves in a dualconversion
heterodyne transceiver,
which is, in fact, a more common
choice for 5G FR2 radios [8]-[12]. As illustrated
in Figure 3(b), there are two
mixers in the transceiver, i.e., intermedium-frequency
(IF) and radio-frequency
(RF) mixers, respectively. In this
example, the IF frequency is chosen to
be one-third of the carrier frequency,
fRF. Quadrature LO generation is needed
only for the IF mixers, operating at
much lower frequency (e.g., 1/3 ∙ fRF =
9.3 GHz for fRF = 28 GHz) compared
to a homodyne transceiver. Since the
IF frequency is at ~9 GHz, the image
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
50, 100, 200, 400
50, 100, 200, 400
50, 100, 200, 400
50, 100, 200, 400
50, 100, 200, 400
3-5 GHz 6-7 GHz
24-30 GHz
37-50 GHz
T/R Switch
T/R Switch

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2021 - 2
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