IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 55

<10 µF
Coin Cell
Battery
Rx/Tx
Match
Radio
US$0.18
Power
Management:
dc/dc
Converter,
LDOs
XO
SoC
SoC
Passives
(a)
FIGURE 5: The (a) components needed for a wireless node and (b) system cost.
TABLE 1. THE PARAMETERS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCES AS ALTERNATIVES TO BATTERIES.
ENERGY SOURCE
CHARACTERISTICS
Light (PV)
Thermal (thermoelectric
generator)
Vibration
RF
IoT wireless node need
Outdoor
Indoor
Human
Industrial
Hertz (human)
Kilohertz (machine)
GSM: 900 MHz
Wi-Fi: 2.4 GHz
Application dependent
Another consideration is the form factor.
Some applications, such as smart
cards, use thin film batteries, making
RF energy harvesting the most compatible
source for energy harvesting.
The block diagram of a typical
system using RF energy harvesting
is provided in Figure 6. RF energy
at either single or multiple antennas
is converted to dc, transformed
to the appropriate voltage by a supply
management system, and stored
until it is needed by the rest of the
system, which includes sensors, a
microcontroller, and a transceiver. In
this diagram, the radio and the energy
harvesting use different antennas.
The advantages of this approach
are that the match for the radio and
the energy harvesting can be optimized
independently and in different
bands, and multiband harvesting is
possible. The disadvantage is larger
size. Spectrum measurements from
2013 [7] and 2018 [8] found that the
maximum outdoor energy available
was about -10 dBm at 900 MHz,
while indoors it was about -30 dBm.
Power
RF-dc
Conversion
Data
Transceiver
FIGURE 6: A wireless node using RF energy harvesting.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
FALL 2022
55
µC
Sensors
Supply
Management
Energy
Storage
EFFICIENCY
10-25%
0.1%
3%
25-50%
<50%
POWER DENSITY
100 mW/cm2
100 μW/cm2
60 μW/cm2
10 mW/cm2
4 μW/cm2
800 μW/cm2
0.1 μW/cm2
0.001 μW/cm2
(b)
Crystal
Battery
<10 µH
<10 µF
US$0.06
US$0.09
US$0.5
COST
>US$1
(10 μA at 200 lux)
>US$3 (SPI848-27145)
>US$10



IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022
Contents


IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover1

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover2

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Contents

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 2

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 3

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 4

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 5

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 6

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 7

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 8

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 9

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 10

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 11

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 12

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 13

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 14

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 15

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 16

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 17

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 18

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 19

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 20

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 21

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 22

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 23

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 24

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 25

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 26

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 27

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 28

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 29

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 30

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 31

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 32

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 33

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 34

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 35

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 36

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 37

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 38

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 39

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 40

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 41

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 42

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 43

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 44

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 45

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 46

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 47

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 48

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 49

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 50

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 51

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 52

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 53

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 54

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 55

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 56

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 57

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 58

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 59

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 60

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 61

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 62

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 63

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 64

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 65

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 66

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 67

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 68

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 69

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 70

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 71

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 72

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 73

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 74

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 75

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 76

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 77

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 78

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 79

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 80

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 81

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 82

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 83

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 84

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover3

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover4


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