TABLE 2. THE FOUR TYPES OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES FOR ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS. LITHIUM ION Recharge cycles Self-discharge Charge time Physical size Capacity Environmental impact Cost compared to coin cell 100 s Moderate Hours Large 0.3-2,500 mAh High >Coin cell this system from 1.8 V and supplying it entirely from RF energy harvesting would require harvesting -24 dBm if all power conversion steps were 100% efficient. From [7] and [8], typical indoor ambient RF levels were significantly below -30 dBm and higher only outdoors, at 900 MHz. A typical efficiency-versus-input-power curve [9] peaks at higher input power levels than are expected for ambient RF energy. Therefore, it is not realistic to think a connection based on ambient RF energy will be maintained in most environments. This leaves two alternatives: wireless power transfer instead of ambient energy harvesting and intermittent operation instead of THIN FILM RECHARGEABLE 5,000-10,000 Low Minutes Small 12-700 μAh Low >Coin cell High Seconds-minutes Medium 10-100 μAh Low >Coin cell remaining continuously connected to a network. Systems that rely solely on ambient RF energy harvesting charge a storage device when RF power is received. Once the voltage on the storage device reaches the power-on reset level, the device starts up and goes through the initialization and calibration sequence before it transmits a data packet. Once the storage device discharges below a certain level, the device shuts off again until the next time there is enough power available. This use case means that the device does not remain continuously connected to a network and transmits only when power is available. SUPERCAPACITOR (>1 F) Millions CAPACITOR (nF-µF) Millions High Seconds Very small 1 μAh Low <IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022
Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - 2
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2022 - Cover3
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