IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023 - 50
Chutham Sawigun , Xiaolin Yang , and Carolina Mora Lopez
Ultra-Low-Power
Voltage References
Exploring picowatt-level design using
CMOS and hybrid architectures
V
50
FALL 2023
oltage references
(VRs) play a crucial
role in the PMUs of
electronic systems,
providing a stable
voltage regardless of process variations,
supply voltage fluctuations, and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2023.3309769
Date of current version: 14 November 2023
temperature changes. The BGR has
been widely employed as a reliable
VR since the 1980s [1], delivering approximately
1.2 V based on the silicon
bandgap voltage (VBG). However, designing
a low-power and compact BGR
presents challenges because of the
power-area tradeoff [2].
In recent years, there have been
efforts to develop nanopower BGRs,
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
achieving operating power consumptions
as low as 29 nW [3], 9.3 nW [4],
and 1 nW [5] at room temperature.
In these designs, the BJTs have been
replaced by CMOS devices operating
in deep weak inversion (WI) to realize
a PTAT voltage. Although these approaches
reduce the power consumption,
the use of large resistors limits
their area scalability.
1943-0582/23©2023IEEE
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023
Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023 - Contents
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Fall 2023 - Cover3
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