IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - 56

Quantum computing holds the promise to
solve today's intractable problems by using
superposition and entanglement.
classical circuits, which have to be
budgeted to be within the limits of
thermal absorption by the refrigeration
system used in the setup. Until
a few years ago, this challenge was
considered unsurmountable;
thus,
researchers proposed non-CMOS
devices, such as high-electronmobility
transistors, silicon-germanium
(SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistors
(HBTs), gallium-arsenide logic,
and rapid single-flux quantum circuits
[8]-[10]. However, none of these
technologies, except perhaps HBTs,
can take advantage of 60 years of
innovation and industrial-strength
optimization, as CMOS can. Only
CMOS technology can offer the integration
of billions of transistors on a
single chip while ensuring low power
consumption and sub-Kelvin functionality,
thus representing the ideal
choice for integrating complex electronic
systems, potentially extending
into single-digit Kelvin regimes
[11]-[13].
Cryo-CMOS Qubit Control
A qubit controller must be able to
amplify signals weaker than about
-100 decibels with reference to
1 mW (dBm) and to convert them
to a digital code with high amplitude
and phase fidelity, e.g., better
than 1 least significant bit and 1º,
respectively. Upon the detection
of the state of a qubit, one has to
generate commensurate signals capable
of bringing the qubit state
to an intended one with high fidelity.
Fidelity relates to the deviation
of a state of a qubit from the intended
one, and it must approach
100% within a fraction of a percentage
point; i.e., typical fidelities of
99.99-99.999% are required in most
quantum computing configurations.
This is achieved, as demonstrated in
Figure 3, by means of microwave
signals with frequencies
ranging
from 1 GHz to 25-40 GHz and amplitudes
modulated as a rectangular
or truncated cosine pulse so as to
achieve the necessary spectral purity
that ensures minimal crosstalk with
adjacent channels. In general, multiple
qubits can be simultaneously
2
-2
0.1
0.2
z
|0>
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
1
-x
-y
|0>-i|1>
|0>-|1>
|0>+i|1>
y
x
|0>+|1>
|1>
-z
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
×10-6
Time (s)
FIGURE 3: A simulation of the state transition in a qubit absorbing a microwave photon via a square-enveloped microwave signal. The image
shows a transition from |0> to |1> through a maximum superposition state (equator) on the Bloch sphere. The axes of the sphere, x, y, and z,
are also visible. (Source: Jeroen v. Dijk; used with permission.)
56
SPRING 2021
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Amplitude
Probability of Measuring |0>

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - Cover1
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - Contents
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