IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - 57

50
Modulated
Unmodulated
-50
0.1
-40
-60
-80
-100
Cosine Pulse
(100 ns, 250 MHz)
0.2
0.3
Raised Cosine Pulse
(200 ns, 150 MHz)
0.4
Time (µs)
Rectangular Pulse
(100 ns, 50 MHz)
Triangular Pulse
(100 ns, -150 MHz)
Gaussian Pulse
(100 ns, -250 MHz)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
6.4
6.2
6
Frequency (GHz)
FIGURE 4: Several types of modulated signals typically used to control, in a minimally invasive fashion, qubits to qubits in adjacent channels [14].
controlled with a single controller
by means of frequency-division
multiple access (FDMA). Figure 4
displays several waveforms that are
generally used in the control of qubits;
they are characterized by their
envelope, length, frequency of modulation,
and so on. [14].
The classical control system proposed
in [4] is shown in Figure 5,
where all operations required to read
and control the state of a spin qubit
on a Bloch sphere are implemented.
The controller is similar to a radiofrequency
(RF) transceiver, except
perhaps for stricter specifications on
the phase and amplitude resolution
and the presence of an optical link
that could be used in certain kinds
of qubits, which can be read out
with visible and near-infrared wavelengths.
The controller operates at
1-4 K, a temperature that is supported
by most cryostats and dilution
fridges, with several watts of thermal
absorption capability. The qubits and
multiplexing/demultiplexing circuits
may be designed to operate in direct
contact with qubits, possibly at much
lower temperatures [4]. This may be
feasible thanks to the fact that only a
few transistors with very low voltage
drops and through currents are re5.8
5.6
300
K
1-4 K
20-100 mK Optical Guide APD
TDC
ADC
ADC
Quantum
Processor
DAC
DAC
Bias/References Temperature Sensors
FIGURE 5: A classical controller for the qubit state. The system, similar to an RF transceiver,
includes conventional components, such as low-noise amplifiers, up- and down-converters,
analog-to-digital convers (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs), and a large digital
section. The figure does not explicitly show a memory for the instruction set to control various
operations on the qubits for error correction and execution. APD: avalanche photodiode;
TDC: time-to-digital converter; MUX: multiplexer; DEMUX: demultiplexer; ASIC: applicationspecific
IC; FPGA: field-programmable gate array.
quired at these temperatures, with
virtually no power dissipation or, at
most, in the µW range, thus ensuring
compatibility with milli-Kelvin environments.
Of course, if qubits that
can operate at higher temperatures
were to be used, the system could be
further simplified.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
SPRING 2021
57
Digital
Control
(ASIC/
FPGA)
Power (dBm)
Amplitude (mV)
DEMUX
MUX

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021

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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - Cover1
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