IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021 - 66

× 10-11
5
4
3
2
10-11
10-12
10-13
1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
VDD (V)
(a)
300 K Vbias = 0 V
300 K Vbias = 0.6 V
4.2 K Vbias = 0 V
4.2 K Vbias = 0.8 V
FIGURE 18: Figures of merit at RT and 4.2 K as a function of supply voltages with and without substrate biasing. (a) Power-delay product (PDP).
(b) Energy-delay product (EDP).
used at the interface of the two
voltage domains.
The static and dynamic power
FIGURE 19: A quantum stack, from quantum algorithms to qubit processors, via a quantumclassical
interconnection. QEX: quantum execution; QEC: quantum error correction.
Finally, inverse-narrow-width effect
(B) and increased mismatch (D,
E)-aware sizing were adopted [41].
A Risc-V microprocessor based on
the picorv32 open source CPU was
automatically placed and routed
66
SPRING 2021
using standard tools. Figure 16
shows the layout of the processor,
which was fabricated in standard
40-nm CMOS technology. The
memory operates from a nominal
supply, while voltage shifters are
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
dissipation appears in Figure 17 at
RT and 4.2 K for various supply voltages.
The substrate was biased at 0
and 0.6 V at RT and at 0 and 0.8 V
at 4.2 K so as to achieve a slight reduction
of the threshold voltage
and thus save power while achieving
the same speed performance.
Figure 18 conveys two figures of
merit achieved under the same conditions.
In summary, at deep-cryogenic
temperatures, digital design
can achieve a further power reduction,
especially in the static power,
by reducing the supply and increasing
the bias voltages. An additional
power reduction could be attainable
by optimizing CMOS technology
nodes and using SiGe bipolar
CMOS technologies.
Perspectives
The classical control schemes presented
here for qubits require
smart interfaces to quantum algorithms.
What is usually referred to
as a quantum stack (see Figure 19)
is the ensemble of architectural
0.91 1.1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
VDD (V)
(b)
0.9 1 1.1
PDP (J)
EDP (J/MHz)
Quantum Algorithm
Programming Paradigm and Languages
Compiler
Runtime
Quantum Arithmetic
Quantum Instruction Set Architecture
QEX/QEC
Quantum to Classical
Quantum Chip
Bacon-Shor
Color Codes
Surface Code

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2021

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