IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023 - 76

Amplifier
VDD
MM MM8
R2 R3
34
X
Vout
Vin
M1
M2
ISS
ISS = 25
W1,2,6,8 = 1.2
W3,4,10
5,7,9
W
= 0.3
= 0.6
L = 60 nm
LPF
C1
VF
R1
R = 20
1
C1 = 0.7 pF
FIGURE 2: Circuit implementation of proposed converter.
R2 = 10
R 3 = 5
M9
M10
M5
Hysteresis
Devices
M7
6
components and bias conditions,
the design is kept as simple as
possible. Figure 2 shows the proposed
ADC, including the implementation
of a high-gain amplifier
with three stages. Taking advantage
of the ideal current source of
25 μA, a basic differential pair with
single-ended output is used for the
first stage. The second stage is an
inverter acting as a gain stage. Finally,
the third stage is a self-bias
CMOS inverter. The self-bias property
is necessary to ensure a defined
input common mode around
half
V .DD
Even though this circuit
is design using a 28-nm CMOS technology,
the length for all transistors
is doubled to boost the overall
gain of the amplifier. Note that as
only three resistors are available
for the design, some can be used to
bias the last stage, and one as part
of the low-pass filter. As shown
in Figure 3(a), devices dimensions
have been chosen to guarantee a
52-dB gain.
20
40
60
106
108
Frequency [Hz]
(a)
0.5
1
10
0.5
1
10
0.5
1
10
20
30
Time [us]
(b)
FIGURE 3: Cadence simulation results. (a) Frequency response of the amplifier. (b) Hysteresis
mechanism in the amplifier.
76
SPRING 2023
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
40
20
30
With M9 and M10
Vout
VF
Vin
40
20
30
With M9
Vout
VF
Vin
40
Without Hysteresis
Vout
VF
Vin
1010
Self-Oscillation Using Hysteresis
A conventional amplifier is not able
to quantize an input voltage in a
delta modulation loop. As the input
signal is below the cutoff frequency
of the RC
11 filter, the entire stage
would act as a buffer. It is therefore
necessary to include a hysteresis
mechanism in the amplifier to
generate a self-oscillating condition
that translates into binary pulses
at the output. This is possible with
the aid of transistors
M ,9
and M10
of Figure 2. Figure 3(b) shows three
scenarios: a conventional amplifier,
one with M9
plus M .10 When Vout
only, and one with M9
is close to V ,DD
M9 turns on, drawing current from
node X, then VF
needs to increase to
compensate this disturbance. By the
time the amplifier sets a new operation
point, Vout
ing off M ;9
consequently VF
will go to zero, turnramps
down
to return the amplifier to its
initial state. By turning on and off
M ,9
an oscillating condition is produced,
processing the input as a
typical delta modulator. To guarantee
this condition for the entire
Voltage [V]
Voltage [V]
Voltage [V]
Gain [dB]

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Spring 2023 - Contents
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