IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 33

David D. Wentzloff, Abdullah Alghaihab,
Jaeho Im, Omar Abdelatty,
and Trevor Odelberg
UltralowPower
Receivers
Overcoming
battery
limitations to facilitate
self-powered operation
F
ast forward to a
world with 1 trillion
wirelessly connected
devices in which
pervasive computing
impacts every aspect of our lives.
Now imagine that each of those devices
operates on a battery that lasts
an average of three years, which
is very generous considering that
most of today's Internet of Things
(IoT) devices have batteries with
much shorter lives. In that world,
we would be changing 1 billion batteries
per day just to maintain the
network of devices. Setting aside
for the moment the environmental
impact of battery disposal at that
scale, nobody wants to take on the
battery maintenance problem. ToDigital
Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2021.3088967
Date of current version: 25 August 2021
day, this is what limits the mass
adoption of IoT solutions. It is why
factories have not installed monitors
on their 10,000 assets and why
shipping companies do not embed
real-time tracking in every package
label. When you examine the power
consumption of IoT devices over
their lifetime, most of the energy is
used for wireless communication;
of that electricity, a large amount is
spent on network synchronization
rather than transmitting data. This
calls for better networking solutions
to enable massive scales of devices
and ultralow-power (ULP) radios to
enable self-powered operation, eliminating
the battery and, therefore,
the maintenance problem.
Quantifying Receiver Performance
We focus on four main specifications
for receiver performance: active
1943-0582/21©2021IEEE
power, sensitivity, data rate, and
signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), also
called adjacent channel rejection.
These generally trade off with one
another, but there is no one figure
of merit that captures their relative
impact across all types of receivers,
frequencies, modulations, and so on.
To make it easier to observe trends
and tradeoffs, we concentrate on ULP
receivers, which we will, somewhat
arbitrarily, define as having an active
power <100 µW.
Active power is compared because
you can always duty cycle a receiver
to trade off the data rate with average
power consumption. For example,
if you turn off a receiver 50% of
the time, the average power will be
half the active power, and the average
throughput will also be halved.
In the limit, synchronization of the
receiver and transmitter after they
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
SUMMER 2021
33
IMAGE COURTESY OF DAVID WENTZLOFF

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 4
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 5
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 6
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 7
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 8
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 9
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 13
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 28
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 29
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 30
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 31
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 32
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 33
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 34
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - 35
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2021 - Cover4
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