IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 20
Chris Auth and Adithya Shankar
Evolution of Transistors
Humble Beginnings to the Ubiquitous Present
I
n 2022, IBISWorld
reported that ~93%
of American households
own at least one
computer. In fact, most
of us are very much plugged into either
our smartphones or computers
or both for a significant portion of
our lives [1]. Every one of these devices
is powered by billions of transistors;
the most powerful desktop CPU
today, Intel's 13th-generation Raptor
Lake, is powered by ~12 billion transistors.
Just to give some context into
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2023.3281538
Date of current version: 20 August 2023
20 SUMMER 2023
the enormity of this number, the first
transistor was developed by J. Bardeen
and W. Brattain in 1947, 75 years
ago (Figure 1).
Intel's cutting-edge Pentium
4 microprocessor introduced at
the dawn of the 21st century in 2000
contained 42 million transistors.
Today's microprocessors have ~300
times as many transistors as they
did, just about 20 years back. While
both the invention and commercialization
of transistors were responsible
for the birth of Silicon Valley, the
explosive scaling and evolution of
transistor technology have both fueled
growth far beyond that of Silicon
Valley. Advances from medical innovaIEEE
SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
tions to highly complex simulations to
sophisticated artificial intelligence all
have been made possible in one way or
another by the evolution of transistor
technology in the last few decades.
The evolution of transistors can be
divided into three eras, namely the
pre-transistor era from 1900 to 1947,
the early transistor evolution from
1947 to 2000, and what we call the
golden age of transistors from 2000
onwards. While the pre-2000 era of
transistor invention and Dennard
scaling has been critical in the evolution
of transistors, a rich volume of literature
is available on the invention and
evolution of transistors during this
1943-0582/23©2023IEEE
BACKGROUND: STOCK.ADOBE.COM (INTEL CORPORATION HAS
LICENSE TO USE IT IN PERPETUITY), LEFT TRANSISTOR: COMPUTER
HISTORY MUSEUM; TEM IMAGES: INTEL CORPORATION.
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9196-2098
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8738-9076
http://STOCK.ADOBE.COM
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023
Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 4
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 5
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 6
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 7
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 8
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 9
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 10
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 11
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 12
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 13
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 14
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 15
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 16
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 17
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 18
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 19
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 20
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 21
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 22
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 23
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 24
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 25
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 26
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 27
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 28
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 29
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 30
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 31
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 32
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 33
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 34
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 35
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 36
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 37
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 38
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 39
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 40
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 41
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 42
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 43
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 44
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 45
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 46
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 47
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 48
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 49
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 50
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 51
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 52
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 53
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 54
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 55
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 56
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 57
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 58
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 59
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 60
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 61
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 62
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 63
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 64
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 65
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 66
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 67
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 68
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 69
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 70
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 71
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 72
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 73
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 74
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 75
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 76
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 77
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 78
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 79
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 80
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 81
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 82
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 83
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 84
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 85
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 86
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 87
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 88
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 89
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 90
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 91
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 92
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 93
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 94
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 95
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 96
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 97
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 98
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 99
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 100
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 101
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 102
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 103
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 104
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 105
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 106
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 107
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 108
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 109
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 110
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 111
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 112
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 113
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 114
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 115
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 116
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 117
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 118
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 119
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 120
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 121
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 122
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 123
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 124
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 125
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 126
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 127
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 128
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover3
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2023
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2022
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2021
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_spring2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_winter2020
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_fall2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_summer2019
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2019winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018fall
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018summer
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018spring
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/mssc_2018winter
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2017
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2016
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2015
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_winter2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_fall2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_summer2014
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/solidstatecircuits_spring2014
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com