IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 36
Makoto Ikeda
Reflections on Progress
in Digital Circuits
From basics to untangle past trials
A
36 SUMMER 2023
digital circuit is
a system that discretizes
and processes
information
and mainly expresses
numerical values in binary numbers
of 1 and 0. Logical 1 s and 0 s are
physically represented by high and
low voltages, large and small currents
(or no current), and so on. Integrated
digital circuits, called RTL, were introduced
by Fairchild in 1961. To prevent
short currents among input parallel
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSSC.2023.3290099
Date of current version: 20 August 2023
registers, parallel diodes were introduced,
called DTL. TTL, which replaced
input diodes with bipolar transistors,
were patented by James Buie of Pacific
Semiconductor in 1961 and became
the most popular logic configuration
of the next two decades. General Microelectronics
introduced the first commercial
PMOS digital circuits in 1964,
followed by Intel's 256-bit SRAM Intel
1101 in 1969, Intel's 4-bit microprocessor
4004 in 1971, and so on. NMOS
digital circuits were introduced around
1970. CMOS microprocessors were introduced
in 1975 and overtook PMOS/
NMOS processors before the 1980s.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
When a digital circuit is implemented
using CMOS, the gate capacitance is
charged and discharged by the drain
current and converted into a voltage,
and the high or low voltage is used
to express 1 or 0 information. The
voltage that discriminates between
1 and 0 is called a logical threshold,
and the difference between this logic
threshold and the 1 or 0 voltage can
become noise margins of the signal.
In digital circuits, this noise margin is
sufficiently large for usual cases, so
it is possible to tolerate environmental
changes such as supply voltage
bounce, which is carefully analyzed
1943-0582/23©2023IEEE
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-4224
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023
Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover1
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IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Contents
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