IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - 63

(a)
(b)
(c)
FIGURE 1: (a) A vacuum-tube amplifier [3], (b) its multistage transistor counterpart [3], and (c) a modern example [4].
n-type and p-type devices. Also in -
teresting is that the early generations
included only pnp germanium transistors,
and it was in the 1960s that npn
silicon components became practical.
The use of complementary devices in
RF circuits would nevertheless have to
wait until CMOS took over.
One drawback of the bipolar transistor
was its low input impedance as
compared to its megaohm tube counterpart.
While affecting bias network
design, this issue did not prove serious
in RF circuits.
Transistorization
Having recognized the enormous potential
of the bipolar transistor, companies
such as Bell Laboratories and Radio
Corporation of America (RCA) swiftly
embarked upon " transistorization " [2].
The small form factor pointed to portable
applications such as AM/FM radios,
and the low cost motivated usage in
television electronics.
As we examine the work reported in
the 1950s, we observe that most of the
early transistorization efforts simply
replaced vacuum tubes with bipolar
devices.
Indeed, the vast knowledge
of electronic design developed in
previous decades was almost directly
applicable to transistor circuits. Basic
amplifier stages, for example, could
follow a simple mapping from tubes to
transistors (but with different biasing
schemes), and functions such as mixing
and oscillation were based on the
older topologies as well.
Tube-transistor mapping is evident
in the push-pull class-B amplifier
disclosed in a patent filed in 1950
by Bell Telephone Laboratories [3].
Shown in Figure 1(a) and (b) are the
two implementations, both remarkably
similar to today's structures in
Figure 1(c) [4].
FIGURE 2: Kahn's polar modulation system [5]. AF: audio frequency; KC: kilocycles per
second (kHz); Osc.: oscillator; XTAL: crystal.
IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE
SUMMER 2023
63

IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023

Contents
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover1
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Cover2
IEEE Solid-States Circuits Magazine - Summer 2023 - Contents
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